Nursing as an Art and Science - 1150 Words

Topic: The Art and Science of Nursing Name: Course: Instructor’s Name: Date: This paper seeks to explore Nursing practice in an attempt to demonstrate the change in perspective of the practice over the years from a traditional view to a more contemporary and realistic view. It will seek to achieve this by performing a literature review of two articles that not only talk but also define and distinguish nursing as both an art and a science and explore a nurses’ experience of being in patient/nurse interactions. Data used in the literature review was gathered through a random sampling of twenty-eight sophomore students, who were at the first year of learning nursing clinical experience with patients. The literature reviewed†¦show more content†¦Nursing is the process of caring for the health of human beings and assisting them to not only meet their needs, but also to teach them the basics of caring for themselves. A nurse is continuously faced with the responsibility of promoting good health, preventing disease and promoting healing. A nurse is not only expected to give physical assistance to patients, but they are also called upon to offer emotional support to both the patient and the family of the patient. These duties not only require an individual who is self-confident and aware but also one who is able to deliver a compelling message to an audience however, both researchers conducted showed that majority of the nurses were either anxious and showed great humility instead of bursting with pride and confidence. The nurses showed signs of nervousness, fear or anxiety while others more specifically from the twenty-eight sophomore nursing student in their first year of clinical nursing described the fear as more encompassing. In the other literature reviewed, of the 78 nurses sampled andShow MoreRelatedIs Nursing an Art or Science1576 Words   |  7 Pages Is Nursing an Art or Science, or Both? NUR 1214 Abstract Nursing is defined and referred to as both an art and a science through theory and research in nursing practice. Although the science of nursing is grounded on the acquirement of knowledge and skills, along with theoretical understanding of nursing, but it is also described as ‘an experience lived between human beings’. Is Nursing an Art or Science, or Both? Introduction The terms science and art are essential for the nursing practiceRead MoreNursing As A Science And Art1439 Words   |  6 PagesQuestions to answer How nursing considered as a science and an art and discuss how the philosophy of nursing is applied to this definition. There is no contention that nursing is considered both as a science and art based on the dispensation of services to the community and patients. As a result of that, the paper seeks to explicitly elaborate the same by giving authentic distinction of why nursing is categorically classified on the two dynamics with a reflection of artistic and scientific intellectualismRead MoreArt And Science Of Nursing Essay2354 Words   |  10 PagesNursing practice is known as a combination of nursing knowledge and compassion in providing care and comfort to patients. Moreover, nursing practice has changed and developed into a dynamic profession to create a better health care environment. It is always essential to combine art and science aspects in nursing practice to help improve patients ‘outcomes. What is the art and science of nursing? Art and science of nursing is described in different ways through literature. According to Polos (2014)Read MoreThe Art and Science of Nursing670 Words   |  3 PagesWhat do we know about nursing? To what extent do we understand nursing? How can we decide if we do â€Å"know† what nursing is? These are questions asked when we are developing knowledge about Nursing as both an Art and Science. Nursing gathers it generalized knowledge from experience with unique individuals from sources such as everyday non-scientific knowledge yet nursing always return to the individual for the application of its knowledge. What is nursing science? Nursing science is defined accordingRead MoreArt And Science Of Nursing2238 Words   |  9 PagesArt and Science of Nursing For the 14th straight year, the public once again ranked nurses as most ethical and most trusted profession in the United States (Gallup, 2015). But what makes nurses the most ethical and most trusted profession? Is it the science of applying evidence-based practice? Is it the art of providing unwavering support and care to patients and their families? Or is it be both? The aim of this paper is to define the art and science of nursing, discuss its influences in currentRead MoreThe Art And Science Of Nursing1977 Words   |  8 PagesThe Art and Science of Nursing Nursing is a profession that has evolved greatly over time and encompasses many different roles. Initially, nurses were thought of as caregivers who followed the orders of physicians and had little autonomy. As the profession has grown, nurses now hold higher roles and increased responsibilities with regards to patient care. There are two sides to nursing, one includes the caring, compassionate, humanistic aspects and the other involves the skills-based, objectiveRead MoreThe Art And Science Of Professional Nursing Practice1173 Words   |  5 PagesThe Art and Science of Professional Nursing Practice Frequently, nurses are considered the foundation of the healthcare industry and the stakes are high when certain qualities must be possessed when working with patients and providing quality care. Nurses have a profound ability to apply strong skill-based knowledge with a caring and compassionate attitude that can improve patient outcomes. They also play an important role that can positively or negatively affect the way patients and family membersRead MoreDefinition And Concepts Of Art And Science Of Nursing2271 Words   |  10 Pagesconcepts of art and science of nursing, how each of these concepts affects nursing practice based on literature, relate how they influence my current personal practice, identify the influences on the changing health care environment, and examine how my nursing practice has changed in the last five years. I will also discuss the strategies I have used to apply the art and science of nursing in my practice and identify the approach I will utilize after c ompleting my Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN).Read MoreEssay about Nursing: A Profession of Art and Science1114 Words   |  5 PagesNursing is a dynamic profession built upon a foundation of art and science. It has adapted to rapidly changing technology, rising patient acuity, and weathered the challenge of nursing shortages with an unwavering commitment to professionalism. In this paper I will discuss my beliefs and values, my vision for the future, and my strengths and limitation in pursuing my career goals. I will also reflect upon the influences that contributed to choosing nursing as a profession. Choice of Nursing InRead MoreThe Theory Of Humanistic Nursing1458 Words   |  6 Pagesand effective nursing practice is a combination of art and science. Both the art and science of nursing are employed when working with a patient on their health goals. The art of healing is the communicative and relationship building skills while the science of nursing is the technical skills related to the field. Throughout nursing history, theories have been developed that attempt to explain the role of the nurse. These theories often try to either explain the science or art of nursing. Some of these

Teaching English As A Second Language Successfully By An...

To teach English as a second language successfully, an ESL teacher needs to engage students in various kinds of activities to improve students’ reading and reading abilities, as well as offer more activities to practice their speaking and listening abilities. He/she needs to teach students skills, strategies, and other knowledge and consider other important issues that may affect their English language learning. Firstly, the teacher needs to design a curriculum that includes various kinds of knowledge based on students’ levels. For students who just started to learn English, the curriculum might focus on developing students’ abilities in decoding words and teach them how to spell words. For middle school students, I might offer more reading and writing activities and help them develop their vocabulary. Also, the teacher had better use various kinds of scaffolding strategies in the class to accommodate the needs of ELLs’. He/she can use visuals and realia t o help students visualize complex concepts. And they can use graphic organizers to help students figure out the important ideas of the reading materials. Secondly, the teacher needs to offer reading instruction and teach students’ reading strategies, so as to improve students’ reading comprehension skills. Per the Bialystok’s Model, students’ benefited from the explicit instruction of learning strategies, the monitoring, and formal practicing. As to writing, the teacher needs to offer feedback to students’ assignments. IShow MoreRelatedThe Capstone Product ( Found As An Attachment1671 Words   |  7 Pagesstudent-centered programs in the area for community colleges and for adult ESL programs, this potential archetype could contribute a new form of curriculum for not just a local level but at a national level for community college as well. When planning this capstone project for an English as a Second Language program, there were some critical components that needed to be built-into this final product. First, the teacher needed to recognize a clear theme for the component being taught; a detailedRead MoreThe Problem Marchand And Furrer Essay1326 Words   |  6 PagesThe problem Marchand and Furrer (2014) presented in this research study is to determine if classroom teachers, and those that develop testing materials threaten outside standards and prerequisites of validity. In order for teachers to develop classroom-based assessments, they must know their students and focus assessments on what is taught in classrooms. The authors sought to know if large-scale testing and classroom context factors cause uncontrolled variables that affect the outcomes of assessmentsRead MoreThe Method Of Second Language Acquisition1754 Words   |  8 Pagesused the natural approach to explain the process of second language acquisition. K rashen’s model basically consists of two parts. In the first part, the language acquisition device the comprehensible input triggered and this starts children’s language development. This process is affected by the anxiety factor, which he called affective filter. In the second part, the acquired language combined with the intentional learning result in the language output. In this process, the intentional learning monitorsRead MoreWhat Does Inclusive Education Means? Essay1626 Words   |  7 Pagesdoes inclusive education mean for me as a teacher in 2014 and beyond? â€Å" In first being able to define inclusive education, it is necessary to understand the diversity of the student population. Disability comes in my varying forms and can be physical, sensory, intellectual, mental health and emotional, developmental, and non-visible (e.g. asthma). If disability was the only agent to consider in the diversity scenario things would be easier for teachers but there are a number of other classificationsRead MoreAction Research for Esl Students5641 Words   |  23 PagesRunning Head: Issues Regarding English as a Second Action Research Proposal 1 Issues Regarding English as a Second Language Student in the Classroom Clifford J. Thomas Grand Canyon University UNV 530 July 18, 2012 Running Head: Issues Regarding English as a Second Action Research Proposal 2 Table of Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Page Problem StatementRead MoreEll Assessments1208 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelop a comprehensive plan that will identify and meet the needs of the English Language learners. â€Å"According to a 2004 report from the US Department of Education, there are over 5.5 million students in the United States who are classified as Limited English Proficient. The state of North Carolina is among the top with a vast amount of students who possess a mixture in languages and countries of national origin.† To successfully teach ELLs, educational programs were specifically designed in NorthRead MoreReflection On Bilingual Education806 Words   |  4 Pagestimeframe. Since I currently not do not have any teaching experience in the classroom yet, this was an opportunity to observe how an experience teacher of 25 plus years conducted her class. Before going into detail about this particular class, it’s important to review Sherman ISD’s ESL Services overall goals. Todays English language learners will dramatically impact the future of our nation. All limited English proficient students must acquire the English skills necessary for academic success and ultimatelyRead MoreEsl Vs. Ell Student2140 Words   |  9 Pagesschool student will be identified as an ESL/ELL student in the United States. ESL stands for English as a Second Language and ELL stands for English Language Learner. An ESL/ELL student can be defined as a student whose predominant language or languages at home, is other than English, and would require additional English language support to develop reading, writing, listening and speaking skills. The difference between an ESL student and ELL student is minor; An ESL student participates in programs thatRead MoreTeaching English As A Second Language And Culture3962 Words   |  16 PagesTeaching Phil osophy; Language Development, Diversity, Education and Culture 9 Teaching English as a Second Language and Culture A Bilingualism Study Ana Miranda Texas AM of Commerce Abstract This paper is primarily intended to present detailed examination about bilingualism and bilingual education from a teaching and student perspective. In first instance, I will deal with some of the definitions of these terms. Following this, IRead MoreThe Importance of an Enhanced Vocabulary1907 Words   |  8 Pagesof an Enhanced Vocabulary for ESL Learners The Importance of an Enhanced Vocabulary for ESL Learners Learning a non-native language is no easy task to partake, but a very important one for the many people that are trying not to get lost in the translation as they make their transition in their new home land. In a country that has shown itself to be less than tolerable to non-English speakers, immigrants are in a race with themselves to learn the language and assimilate as best they can

What Is the Bystander Effect Free Essays

Rebecca Aspinwall Professor Patrick Shal 11/05/2012 What is The Bystander Effect? Dr’s John M Darley and Bibb Latane are both professors of psychology. Even though they have not attended or worked at the same university, their credibility is equally the same. Their award-winning research was gathered to complete their essay â€Å"Why Don’t People Help in a Crisis,† they suggest the probability of a bystander helping is correlated to the number of bystanders present. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is the Bystander Effect or any similar topic only for you Order Now Next Darley and Latane state that, â€Å"there are three things a bystander must do to intervene in an emergency. First the bystander must be aware of the situation, second the bystander has to establish if the situation is an emergency, and then third they have to decide if it is their duty to intervene and help the person in need (141). Darley and Latane have done an exceptional job on informing the reader, however, their research fails to take into account outside variables which may call into question the validity of their research. The language used in this essay by Darley and Latane â€Å"Why Don’t People Help in a Crisis† is emotional to say the least. One of the examples used to inform their readers of the bystanders actions demonstrates their use of emotional appeal with language. Making the subjects relive others horrific situations, the authors are able to portray in an emotionally packed explanation of what happened to the victim in each narrative. For example the first victim they mention, is Kitty Genovese, who was murdered in her home in Kew Gardens, New York. Thirty eight of her neighbors watched her die without helping or even calling nine-one-one (140). This emotional technique is effective, because the initial impact of this heinous act grabs the reader’s attention heightening their arousal. The residual effects are intended to make the reader feel sympathy for the victim. Thus taking a more shock and awe approach the authors use emotional language to engage the reader into the topic. The intended audience is students and professors of psychology, which would constitute an audience whom is well educated with specific psychology erminology and references like â€Å"Apathy† and â€Å"Indifference†, however, the language betrays this notion of a specific audience since it is fairly easily understood among the general population. The authors involve simple phrases like â€Å"lose your cool† or â€Å"sleeping of a drunk† to make the article easy to follow (142). Therefore the author’s intended audience was a highly educated group of the population, however, it was written with the intent to intr igue the general public. Using an ethical approach the authors make the reader self reflect upon their own moral judgment. The authors asked ethical questions that forces the reader to become personally related to the topic, Questions such as â€Å"How can so many people watch another human being in distress and do nothing? ‘ Why don’t they help? ‘ We needn’t feel guilty, or re-examine ourselves or anything like that. Or should we? † (141). The authors use of moral questions brings the reader to very front line of the topic ethically and has without a doubt a very effective result. The reader is not able to remain an objective party but becomes subjective to the point where they begin to question whether or not they themselves would have the same reactions as the bystanders in the examples or if they would help in an emergency? This moral examination is a good strategy for persuasion, because it engages the reader to become subjective. The authors do a wonderful job in appealing to emotion, by using individual stories of tragic events instead of multiple stories. The authors persuades their readers by giving a face to the victims. As a result the reader becomes emotionally involved in the article and is just what the authors intended to capture their audiences attention. Another persuading technique is the appeal to logic because of the use of inductive reasoning in gathering evidence . The authors experiment with test subjects to find answers as to why bystanders don’t help in an emergency? They’ve drawn a conclusion, from the experiments of the bystanders actions which depends on the number of people around at that time. If the bystander was in a large crowded area the probability of helping a victim in need is slim. But if the bystander is alone than the odds of helping the victim is greater (141). The authors begins the essay with a specific case using Kitty Genovese as an example and then states another specific case with Andrew Mormille (140). Next the authors draws hasty generalizations to conclude that bystanders don’t help if they are surrounded by others. Darley and Latane use a sufficient amount of reliable evidence when they use their experiments as a way to explain their theory. Darley and Latane do not give any other information about the experiments, other than stating that there was â€Å"72 college students† (143). But the authors do give information about the test results. One of the experiments used in the essay was completed with 40 people who were paid two dollars each to participate in the research. First the authors used an attractive young woman to lead the test subjects into a room. Then separated them so that the test subjects were alone and had a divider wall between them and the young woman. Next the woman pretends to have an accident and called out for help, seventy percent of the subjects who were alone offered their help . The next experiment they tried was to see if the subjects would offer help if they were paired up with other subjects and the results were drastically different â€Å"8 out of 40† subjects â€Å"offered to help. † and â€Å"the other 32 remained unresponsive† (143). The experiment used in this statement was used in an ethical appeal because most individuals would like to assume that they would help in a situation like the one mentioned, but given the results the individuals would mostly agree with the authors. The authors don’t give much attention to the possibility to variables that may have changed the dynamics of their research. An example of one of these variables is location. In our popular culture today, people are more susceptible to believe the validity of the research if the location is taken into effect. The bystanders in New York may be different then the bystanders in Minnesota and vice versa. Another example of a variable that could have an effect on the responses of bystanders could be group dynamics such as age, socio-economic status, and many more. Another effective suggestion is if the authors gave the readers examples of ways to improve their behaviors o help people in need instead of stating that bystanders have an â€Å"apparent indifference of others. † and also stating that â€Å"We can choose to see distress and step forward to relive it† (145). This statement would have been more believable if the authors showed examples how to step forward and change the behaviors of not helping. Overall, the authors have done an effective job informing there readers about the probability of a crowded bystander not helping someone in need. The authors used the emotional appeal to capture their readers attention, and used their logical reasoning to convince their readers. This informational essay was published in Arguing Across the Disciplines: A Rhetoric and Reader, because of the eye opening reactions intended for the readers. But the authors don’t pay any attention to the variables used in the experiments. For example the location, age and race of the subjects could have made a huge difference in the results. Work Cited Darley, John M. , and Bibb Latane. â€Å"Why People Dont Help in a Crisis. † Arguing Across the disciplines: A Rhetoric and Reader. Ed. Stuart Hirschberg and Terry Hirschberg. New York: Pearson Longman, 2007. 140-45. Print How to cite What Is the Bystander Effect, Essay examples

Goals of Higher Education free essay sample

Living in the modern world, one cannot but face with a neÃ' essity of getting higher education. Thus, if you want to be a respected part of society, you are to have a degree. However there are a lot of people who tend to think that this kind of studies is not for them as school education is quite enough. Well, what are the goals of higher education? And do people really need it? To give some facts I’d like to mention that due to the statistics, our country stands at the first place in the world in the number of people who have higher education with 54 % people graduated from the university. It’s very impressive though. So, what were the aims of all these people? Definitely, everybody is looking for the advantages one can take of it. And frankly speaking there are plenty of them. In my opinion, one of the most important goals of higher education is providing society with highly qualified manpower in order to strengthen particular sector of domestic and world economy as well as other spheres of social life. We will write a custom essay sample on Goals of Higher Education or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hence graduates have more chances to get a well-paid job and higher position in the field he or she interested in. Secondly, being educated in a certain realm gives you an opportunity to become an expert in a wide range of problems. Consequently, another goal of higher education is cultural enlightment. What is more, university or college really matters when we are talking about self-determination. Thus, it helps one to gain independence by realizing what he or she is good at. Sometimes school leavers enter higher education institution without knowing whether they really want to study this or that. However, with every passing year there, their desires become specified and they discover more and more opportunities to become useful for their local as well as world communities. Once I realized that higher education is vital for me, there was a problem what university to enter. However the number of universities offering studies in the field of international affairs in our country is quite limited and I had to choose between two cities, Volgograd where I was born and Samara that was quite near to my place. Finally, I made up my mind to study in Samara State University and I’ve never regretted it yet. It is a classical multi-faculty university and a leading educational institution of higher education in the region. What is more important for me, it offers a great platform for students who are interested in carrying an individual research. Highly qualified scientific advisors are ready to help us and provide with essential literature whenever we need it. Moreover the conferences held in our university give the youth opportunity to be heard and noticed as a lot of experts visit them. All things considered, we can notice that all the goals of higher education are to improve the quality of life in this or that way. Although, a lot of people are aware of all these advantages they prefer to limit themselves with school education. The point is that we shouldn’t forget that improvement of the quality of our life is about everybody. Therefore, it’s obvious that the more people have higher education, the better life we have. And the only choice you should make is what university to enter but in no case to keep studying after school or not. That’s out of question.

Nature or Nurture the Case of the Boy Who Became a Girl Essay Example

Nature or Nurture: the Case of the Boy Who Became a Girl Essay NORTHERN CARIBBEAN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY AND SCIENCE Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Course: BIOL 395 GENETICS Section A TERM PAPER Nature or Nurture: The Case of the Boy Who Became a Girl Presented By: Nathalia allen Monique Malcolm Davena shaw Shaneek Campbell Part 1 1. Assuming that the nurture theory is valid, David as Brenda will have female behavior and believe he is a girl. From a physical point of view he will not develop secondary characteristics. Based on how hormones work by removing his testicles they denied him of his secondary characteristics. After puberty he would not have testicles to produce testosterone which would make him deficit of his secondary characteristics. 2. If Bruce was not subjected to gender reassignment surgery and raised as a boy, he would express the gender identity of a male. This is so because during the growing or maturing process he would recognize that he has more features of a male than of a female, physically. Although his genitals may look abnormal, he still has other features of a male. Part 2 1. According to the nature view of psychosexual differentiation, prenatal exposure to androgen could influence the development of gender identity. We will write a custom essay sample on Nature or Nurture: the Case of the Boy Who Became a Girl specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nature or Nurture: the Case of the Boy Who Became a Girl specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nature or Nurture: the Case of the Boy Who Became a Girl specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer David’s experience did not support the nurture theory. None of his characteristics supported the nurture theory. David being neat and tidy was not a feminine characteristic but rather one that was imposed upon by his mother. 2. According to the article David as Brenda resisted the treatment to be raised as gentle lady and eventually became unmanageable. Brenda frequently resisted girl’s toys, activities and clothing. He also mimicked her father’s behavior rather than her mother. She complained that she felt like a boy and viewed her physical characteristics as more masculine than feminine. Part3 1. They agree to a small extent as it relates to the nature theory. As seen with the rodents, once the neonates were exposed to testosterone (the male sex hormone) they would display male behavior; even the castrated male once exposed to this hormone would still show male traits due to its impact genetically. Similarly the controls; untreated males and females) exhibited male and female characteristics respectively as this was somewhat intrinsic based on their genome, that is, what is contained in their genetic makeup and not dependent on the environment they were raised in. his is synonymous with the studies done with 16 males in that the majority of genetically male children behaved as male despite being raised as females. This behavior was already encoded in their DNA. However, with the 43 girls, the effect of testosterone was nil on the behavior of the girls. They therefore did not act like boys even if they developed male genitalia. This does not support the nature theory as seen with the above examples. 2. The advice to parents would be not to reassign the child’s gender and by virtue of having the testicles the child’s brain would develop masculine characteristics and sexual male characteristics would develop at the onset of puberty. According to the article (gorski and Johnson) â€Å"brief exposure to the testosterone early in life promotes development of brain in ways that allow male behavior to be as an adult† 3. Based on the nature theory homosexual behavior in men and women can be related to hormonal imbalance. Sexual orientation is determined by the early levels (probably prenatal) of androgen on relevant neural structures. If highly exposed to these androgens, the fetus will become masculinized, or attracted to females. The reverse is true. 4. Based on the nurture theory homosexual behavior in men and women can be based upon environmental influences and that includes peer pressure, low self-esteem and parental influences. Experiment 5. Aim: To observe the effects of neonatal castration upon sexual and aggressive behavior in male and female chimpanzees. Hypothesis: It is speculated that aggression in male and female chimpanzees was an innate behavior rather than learnt behavior. It is also speculated that this behavior only occurs in male chimpanzees. Method: 100 female chimpanzees were identified in a population. An ultrasound was done to ensure that the females would produce 50 male offspring and 50 female offspring. Each newborn was then castrated one day after birth. 25 females were treated with testosterone and 25 males were treated with estrogen, the other 25 females were treated with estrogen and the remaining 25 males were treated with testosterone. The behavior of each newborn was observed over a two year period. Expected results: Based on the nature theory the 25 females that would be treated with the testosterone and the 25 males that would be treated with estrogen the concept of hormonal imbalance would have caused the production of two much or two little androgen. The hormone that was introduced would have interfered with the normal distribution of hormone in both male and female. The 50 offspring that were treated with their original hormones would display normal behavior. Aggressive behavior in females could have been due to two much production of testosterone and the behavior in males could have been due to the production of too much estrogen. It is common for adult male chimpanzees to act in an aggressive manner as such based on the nurture theory this behavior could have been imposed upon by parents or the environment that the offspring came from. This experiment has not been done due to ethical factors. It is not humane to perform castration on so many chimpanzees. The mere fact that some species are endangered would limit the amount of species that can be used in experiments and lessen the number of species to be preserved in the environment. Many experiments have been done and these have lowered the quality of life of these species. References Bull, J. J. , Pease, C. M. (2003) Biological Correlates of Being Gay: retrieved March 27, 2003 from http://www. utexas. edu/courses/bio301d/Topics/Gay/Text. html Joseph, J. (2004)The Gene Illusion: Genetic Research in Psychiatry and Psychology Under the Microscope. New York: Algora Kagan, J Segal, J. , Havemann, E. (2004) Psychology an Introduction 9th Edition: WadsworthThomas L earning. Belmont CA. Riemann, A. ; Jang, K. L. ; McCrae, R. R. ; Angleitner, R. ; Livesley, W. J. (1998). Heritability of facet-level traits in a cross-cultural twin sample: support for a hierarchical model of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (6): 1556–1565.

French Surname Meanings and Origins

French Surname Meanings and Origins Coming from the medieval French word surnom translating as above-or-over name, surnames or descriptive names trace their use in France back to 11th century when it first became necessary to add a second name to distinguish between individuals with the same given name. The custom of using surnames did not become common for several centuries, however. Most French surnames can be traced back to one of these four types: 1) Patronymic Matronymic Surnames Based on a parent’s name, patronyms and matronyms are the most common method French last names were constructed. Patronymic surnames are based on the fathers name and matronymic surnames on the mothers name. The mothers name was usually used only when the fathers name was unknown. Patronymic and matronymic surnames in France were formed in several different ways. The typical form of attaching a prefix or suffix that means son of (e.g., de, des, du, lu,  or  the Norman fitz) to a given name was less common in France that in many European countries, but still prevalent. Examples include Jean de Gaulle, meaning John, son of Gaulle, or Tomas FitzRobert, or Tomas, son of Robert. Suffixes meaning little son of (-eau, -elet, -elin, elle, elet, etc.) may have also been used. The majority of French patronymic and matronymic surnames have no identifying prefix, however, being direct derivations of the parents given name, such as August Landry, for August, son of Landri, or Tomas Robert, for Tomas, son of Robert. 2) Occupational Surnames Also very common among French surnames, occupational last names are based on the person’s job or trade, such as Pierre Boulanger [baker], or Pierre, the baker. Several common occupations found prevalently as French surnames include Berger (shepherd), Bisset (weaver), Boucher (butcher), Caron (cartwright), Charpentier (carpenter), Fabron (blacksmith), Fournier (baker), Gagne (farmer),  Lefebvre (craftsman or blacksmith), Marchand (merchant) and  Pelletier (fur trader). 3) Descriptive Surnames Based on a unique quality of the individual, descriptive French surnames often developed from nicknames or pet names, such as Jacques Legrand, for Jacques, the big.Other common examples include Petit (small), LeBlanc (blonde hair or fair complexion), Brun (brown hair or  dark complexion), and Roux (red hair or ruddy complexion). 4) Geographical Surnames Geographical or habitational French surnames are based on a person’s residence, often a former residence (e.g., Yvonne Marseille means Yvonne from the village of Marseille). They may also describe the individuals specific location within a village or town, such as Michel Là ©glise (church), who lived  next to the church.  The prefixes de, des, du, and le which translate as of may also be found used in geographical French surnames.   Alias Surnames or Dit Names In some areas of France, a second surname may have been adopted to distinguish between different branches of the same family, especially when the families remained in the same town for generations. These alias surnames can often be found preceded by the word dit. Sometimes an individual even adopted the dit name as the family name and dropped the original surname. This practice was most common in France among soldiers and sailors. Germanic Origins of French Names As so many French surnames are derived from first names, it is important to know that many common French first names have Germanic origins, coming into fashion during German invasions into France. Therefore, having a name with Germanic origins does not necessarily mean that you have German ancestors! Official Name Changes in France Beginning in 1474, anyone who wished to change his name was required to get permission from the King. These official name changes can be found indexed in: L Archiviste Jà ©rà ´me. Dictionnaire des changements de noms de 1803–1956 (Dictionary of changed names from 1803 to 1956). Paris: Librairie Francaise, 1974.   Meanings Origins of Common French Surnames 1. MARTIN 26. DUPONT 2. BERNARD 27. LAMBERT 3. DUBOIS 28. BONNET 4. THOMAS 29. FRANCOIS 5. ROBERT 30. MARTINEZ 6. RICHARD 31. LEGRAND 7. PETIT 32. GARNIER 8. DURAND 33. FAURE 9. LEROY 34. ROUSSEAU 10. MOREAU 35. BLANC 11. SIMON 36. GUERIN 12. LAURENT 37. MULLER 13. LEFEBVRE 38. HENRY 14. MICHEL 39. ROUSSEL 15. GARCIA 40. NICOLAS 16. DAVID 41. PERRIN 17. BERTRAND 42. MORIN 18. ROUX 43. MATHIEU 19. VINCENT 44. CLEMENT 20. FOURNIER 45. GAUTHIER 21. MOREL 46. DUMONT 22. GIRARD 47. LOPEZ 23. ANDRE 48. FONTAINE 24. LEFEVRE 49. CHEVALIER 25. MERCIER 50. ROBIN

The Requirements in the Success of Business Intelligence Research Paper

The Requirements in the Success of Business Intelligence Implementation in public domain in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - Research Paper Example ‘BI’ is the abbreviation for what is known as ‘Business Intelligence’, which refers to â€Å"various software applications that are utilized in analysis of the raw data of an organization.† (Mulcahy, 2011) The BI discipline is related to be comprised of â€Å"several related activities, including data mining, online analytical processing, querying and reporting.† (Mulcahy, 2011) Business Intelligence is used by companies for the purpose of bringing about improvement to their decision-making tasks, cutting costs and identifying new business opportunities. (Mulcahy, 2011) Business Intelligence is reported to be much more than mere â€Å"corporate reporting and more than a set of tools to coax data out of enterprise systems. CIOs use BI to identify inefficient processes that are ripe for re-engineering.† (Mulcahy, 2011) Business Intelligence is used in many business sectors, for example, it is reported that the Patriots â€Å"managed to wi n the Super Bowl three times in four years. The team sues data and analytical models extensively, both on and off the field. In-depth analytics help the team select players and stay below the NFL salary cap.† (Mulcahy, 2011) The team additionally uses these types of analytics in assessing and improving the â€Å"total fan experience.† (Mulcahy, 2011) A Google search using the term ‘business intelligence in Saudi Arabia’ reveals that there is a critical need for individuals experienced in business intelligence applications evidenced by the ads posted for business intelligence analysts and consultants in Saudi Arabia. ... In-depth analytics help the team select players and stay below the NFL salary cap.† (Mulcahy, 2011) The team additionally uses these types of analytics in assessing and improving the â€Å"total fan experience.† (Mulcahy, 2011) A Google search using the term ‘business intelligence in Saudi Arabia’ reveals that there is a critical need for individuals experienced in business intelligence applications evidenced by the ads posted for business intelligence analysts and consultants in Saudi Arabia. Background Business intelligence is reported to be such that serves to assist employees in modifying their work practices, both individually and in view of the team and this results in improved performance overall. (Mulcahy, 2011) Mulcahy reports that there are seven steps to rolling out BI Systems and that those seven steps are as follows: (1) ensure that data is clean; (2) users should be effectively trained; (3) quick deployment is required with adjustments along th e way; (4) use an integrated approach to building the data warehouse in the beginning; (5) define the ROI clearly prior to beginning as well as outlining the specific benefits that are expected to be achieved; (6) keep business objectives in focus; and (7) deploy BI with the idea in mind that there are numbers out there that must be found rather than deploying BI because it is thought that BI is needed. (Mulcahy, 2011) Challenges to the success of Business Intelligence in the organization are stated to include that of ‘user resistance’ as well as there, being barriers associated with â€Å"having to winnow through voluminous amounts of irrelevant data† and the lack of quality exhibited in poor data. (Mulcahy, 2011) Stated as another

Madeleine Leininger -transcultural nursing theory model Research Paper

Madeleine Leininger -transcultural nursing theory model - Research Paper Example major reason leading her to forming the theory was her clinical specialist caring experience with children who were mildly disturbed and came from varied backgrounds (Allauigan, 2011). Factors like lack of doctor support, inadequate training, work burden and severity of illness of patients lead to elevated stress levels of nurses, which in turn leads to improper care of patients. Positive attitude results from holistic nursing approach, older age, and support, but negativity results from the load of work on the nurse (Kluit & Goosesns, 2011). The research will add to the literature of nursing theories. The research will aim at understanding a direct relationship between high levels of stress at work environment and the elevated negativity of attitude due to the stress. Keeping the theory of Trans-cultural nursing theory, it will also address the correlation that the negativity of attitude from nurses has on the recovery of children. The research will aim at the effects that cultural diversity has on the recovery rate of children, allowing for nurses to cater for those factors to aid in recovery. Allauigan, D. (2011). Theory Development and Historical Background. Leininger’s Theory of Culture Care. Retrieved January 1, 2013. Available at: http://nursingtheories.blogspot.com/2011/07/leiningers-theory-of-culture-care.html Kluit, V.D & Gossesns, (2011). Factors influencing attitudes of nurses in general health care toward patients with comorbid mental illness: an integrative literature review. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 32(8):519-27. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21767254. Abstract Retrieved at January 1, 2013. Sitzman, K., & Eichelberger, L.W., (2012). Madeleine Leininger’s Culture Care: Diversity and Universality Theory. Understanding the Work of Nurse Theorists, A Creative Beginning. Jones and Bartlett Publishers:

Employee Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Employee Relations - Essay Example Unemployment rates in the European countries have risen rapidly and the overall production output in virtually every sector (service, manufacturing, public) has dropped during the two year period 2008-2009 as compared to previous years (Gennard, 2009). In several cases, organizations are challenged not primarily by the need to generate profits, but predominantly by the need to survive. In that respect, firms have proceeded into a number of initiatives and measures in their attempt to reduce costs (increase efficiency) and simultaneously sustain part of their competitiveness, especially in the current turbulent market economies and environments (Gennard and Judge, 2005; Rose, 2004). According to Gennard (2009) employee relations have been at the spot of light during these years of recession, particularly in labor – intensive industries and sectors, where the pursuit of efficiency clearly pertains to the cutting back of costs allocated to the human resources. As demand decreases , production is pushed down and in turn the need for human resources becomes highly controllable (Hartley – Kite et al., 2010). As Farnham (2000) notes, economic recession and employee relations are largely interrelated in that the first clearly impacts the second within the overall organizational environment. Lewis et al. (2003) define employment relationships as fundamental exchanges between employers and employees under the agreement of providing mental and physical ‘labor’ on the part of the employees, whereas the employers abide to offer rewards for the ‘services’ provided. Rose (2004) further states that the overall discipline of employee relations does not simply pertain to the ‘physical’ employment contract but on the ‘psychological contract’ between the two parties (employees and employers). Employee relations are focused on the establishment of grounds in which

Formation and Drainage of Supraglacial Lakes

Formation and Drainage of Supraglacial Lakes Glacial Processes and Geomorphology Degree Assignment B028303 What controls the formation and drainage of supraglacial lakes on the Greenland ice sheet and to what extent are these processes an important control on ice sheet dynamics? Introduction The Greenland Ice Sheet is a large ice mass in the Northern Hemisphere, made up of both land terminating and tidewater terminating outlet glaciers. Seasonal surface melting produces melt water that collects on the surface of the Greenland ice sheet in the form of supraglacial lakes (Luthje et al., 2006). The storage and drainage of lake water is particularly important in forcing a hydraulic connection between the ice sheet surface and the ice bed interface (Bartholomew et al., 2012). For this reason, drainage of these supraglacial lakes is of particular interest in understanding the influence that they have on ice sheet dynamics. Supraglacial lakes have been known to drain in less than one day (Box Ski, 2007). The fluctuations in surface water delivered to the glacier bed from the rapid drainage of these lakes are known to affect the speed that the ice sheet travels at and have been known to cause local uplift of the ice sheet (Sundal et al., 2011). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the factors that control the formation and drainage of supraglacial lakes on the Greenland ice sheet and the implications these processes have on the control of ice sheet dynamics. Formation In cases where drainage is prevented, melt water can be stored on the ice sheet by a form of sediment or ice barrier, creating a supraglacial lake (Benn Evans, 2010). Seasonal warming produces melt water that collects in closed surface undulations on the surface of the ice sheet. The supraglacial lakes across the Greenland ice sheet vary in size from a few hundred meters to 1500m in diameter, with depths of 2-5m (Box Ski, 2007). Supraglacial lakes form in the ablation area of the Greenland ice sheet during summer time melt season. Positions of numerous lakes have been monitored over many years and from the results it can be deduced that most lakes form in the same place every year (Luthje et al., 2006). Supraglacial lakes can occur across much of the ablation zone on the Greenland ice sheet but are especially prominent on the Western transect (Luthje et al., 2006). The formation and location of supraglacial lakes on the Greenland ice sheet is driven by season and temperature, elevation and topography (Chu, 2014). There is an upper limit imposed on the lake distribution and formation by elevation because of temperature and basal sliding restrictions (Liang et al., 2012). Due to the lapse rate, temperature decreases with elevation. When it reaches a certain point on the ice sheet it becomes too cold for melting to so there is no melt water for filling the lake basins. As bedrock topography is only expressed in ice surface topography in regions experiencing basal sliding, interior regions of the ice sheet that do not experience basal sliding are unlikely to contain ice surface depressions suitable for lake formation (Liang et al., 2012). Figure 1(a) shows a histogram of the rate of change of lake area over 10 years of observations. In (b) only the 50th percentile shows a significant relationship with melt intensity. From the two graphs it can be deduced that there is a positive correlation between annual median lake elevation and annual melt intensity, indicating that lakes are more active at hi gher elevations during warmer or more intense melt years (Liang et al., 2012). During more intense melt years, lake drainage events become more common in higher elevations. These regions, which don’t normally experience rapid surface water transfer to the bed of the glacier become more susceptible to moulin formation (Liang et al., 2012). Only lakes above 1050m show inter-annual changes in response to seasonal changes in melting intensity (Liang et al., 2012). The area of supraglacial lakes is more controlled by the local topography. Lakes at lower elevations tend to be smaller because the steeper ice surfaces prevent as much water being collected and stored (Bartholomaus et al., 2007). Although topography and elevation influence the formation and distribution of supraglacial lakes in Greenland, the main control is the season. The lakes will only form during melt season, when temperatures become warm enough to produce melt water to fill the empty lake basins (Luthje et al., 2006). Drainage In order for melt water stored as supraglacial lakes to reach the bed of a glacier, a through ice transport system is required. In a study, Das et al. (2008) monitored and observed the rapid drainage of two large supraglacial lakes down to the base of the Greenland ice sheet. The lakes, on the Western side of the Greenland ice sheet began filling in early July, reaching maximum extent around the 29th of July. At first, lake levels began to fall slowly and steadily and then levels dropped rapidly. This rapid drainage event drained the lake in around 1.4 hours (Das et al., 2008). From observations, it can be deduced that the drainage of the lake occurs in four stages. First of all initial slow, steady drainage occurs through crevasses (Chu, 2014). No water reaches the bed of the glacier, suggesting an inefficient drainage system. Next, connection to the bed occurs and drainage through a fracture system occurs. This stage gives fast and direct drainage of the lake to the bed of the glacier. Thirdly, Moulin formation and closure of the fracture system occurs. Frictional heating from the turbulent water flow and rapid drainage in stage two melts through fracture walls, developing them into discrete moulins (Chu, 2014). Moulins are associated with rapid lake drainage and immediate transfer of water to the ice sheet (Chu, 2014). This rapid transfer of water to the glacier bed has potential to overwhelm the subglacial hydrologic system. The final stage occurs once the lake has drained. Moulins stay open to allow the drainage of surface melt to the bed of the glacie r (Das et al., 2008). Evidence suggests that moulins in existence in the bottom of the lakes fill with snow and become dammed in the winter. Lakes are filled during the summer melt season until the moulins are reopened by a combination of pressure and melting (Box Ski, 2007). Fracture propagation through the ice suggests that once initiated water filled crevasses will propagate downwards through the full thickness of the ice through a process called hydrofracture (Das et al., 2008). The water ponds above small crevasses in the lake basin, exerting stress on the crevasse and eventually the ice starts to fracture. Initially the water refreezes in the crevasse. Heat created from refreezing warms the ice and it melts, advancing further down into the crevasse. Once a connection with the bed is established water from the lake can freely drain. There is no limit to the depth of a water filled crevasse so it is able to reach the bed of a glacier. The process is only limited by the supply of melt water needed to keep the crevasse full (Weertman, J. 1973). Crevasses and moulins connect the surface of the ice sheet with englacial environments, providing a route for melt water to drain from the supraglacial lakes through the ice sheet (Chu, 2014). Although only lake drainage processes for two lakes were observed by Das et al. (2008) in this particular study it can be assumed that other lakes on the Greenland ice sheet drain in the same way. The presence of fractures in other empty lake basins suggests that drainage processes are similar for all supraglacial lakes (Das et al., 2008). Throughout melt season, drainage patterns of the lakes across the Greenland ice sheet migrate inland. Lakes at lower elevations tend to form and drain earlier than those at higher elevations (Bartholomaus et al., 2007). Ice Sheet Dynamics Rapid drainage events are of particular interest in understanding ice sheet dynamics and hydraulic response. Fluctuations in surface water are known to affect the speed of ice sheets (Sundal et al., 2011). Some suggest that more influx of melt water to the glacier bed, from lake drainage events could produce ice sheet acceleration. Moulins provide a method of rapid lake drainage, supplying large influxes of water to the glacier bed with the potential to overwhelm the subglacial hydrological system causing uplift and increase basal sliding (Chu, 2014). They can only support a fraction of the lake water, keeping water pressure at the base of the glacier high and encouraging increases in basal movement and uplift (Box Ski, 2007). Higher water pressure favours faster sliding as it reduces drag between ice and the bed (Bartholomew et al., 2012). Speed ups of the ice sheet are caused by an increase of water pressure at the its base, enhancing basal sliding. This increase in basal water pressure can be provided by melt lake outbursts (Box Ski, 2007). There are other processes involved in basal sliding but for the purposes of linking it with glacier hydrology we are only interested in cavitation. Cavitation vertically jacks the glacier upwards, reducing friction between the glacier bed and rock interface and decreasing effective pressure. When effective pressure and friction are low basal sliding rates are high. In the same study as mentioned above, Das et al. (2008) observed horizontal and vertical movement of the ice sheet that coincided with rapid drainage of the lake. A large uplifted block of ice in the centre of the lake basin evidences local uplift of the ice sheet during rapid lake drainage. Based on topographic studies, it is likely that the large block in the centre of the lake was uplifted during a drainage event (Das et al., 2008). The elevation change reported by sonar surveys suggests surface uplift of around 6m across the block. The large volume of water transported to the ice sheet bed during lake drainage would have produced several meters of uplift at the lakes centre (Das et al., 2008). Figure 2, produced from a study by Bartholomew et al., (2012) supports Das’ et al., (2008) conclusion that drainage of supraglacial lakes can affect velocity and uplift the ice sheet. It shows rapid increases in ice velocity and surface height after the drainage of a supraglacial lake observed on the Western transect of the Greenland ice sheet. Drainage of the lake can be linked with a 400% increase in ice velocity and 0.3m of uplift in less than 24 hours (Bartholomew et al., 2012). Figure 2: (a) Surface velocity during lake drainage event (b) Surface height profile during the lake drainage event (c d) Before and after images of the supraglacial lake (taken by time lapse camera). Solid black lines on (a b) indicate the times when the two photos were taken. Taken from: Bartholomew, I., Nienow, P., Sole, A., Mair, D., Cowton, T. and King, M. (2012). Short term variability in Greenland Ice Sheet motion forced by time-varying meltwater drainage: Implications for the relationship between subglacial drainage system behaviour and ice velocity. Journal of Geophysical Researcg, 117(F3). Both outlet glaciers and slower moving ice sheets across Greenland show a seasonal speed up in response to enhanced melt water delivery to the glacier bed and from pulses of water from lake drainage. The ice sheets continue to speed up until a maximum velocity threshold is reached; sequentially the glacier slows down (Chu, 2014). This slowing down of the glacier is not to be expected if lubrication by melt water is the primary mechanism of speeding up the ice sheet. The reduction in velocity suggests subglacial drainage switches from a linked cavity system to a more efficient channel drainage system (Chu, 2014). Conclusion Understanding the hydrology of supraglacial lakes is important as they have the potential to supply large volumes of water to the bed of the ice sheet and affect motion. Both an increase in glacier velocity and local uplift is observed when supraglacial lake water drains to the bed of the glacier. However, constant high influxes of water are not consistent with continued increase in velocity because the subglacial drainage system switches to a more efficient system (Bartholomaus et al., 2007). Large pulses of water delivered to the bed from drainage of supraglacial lakes overwhelm the subglacial hydrologic network and increase basal motion. Moulins provide rapid drainage of large supraglacial lakes into the ice sheet hydrological systems, while crevasses provide a more steady drainage method. The location, area and potential melt water available to fill these supraglacial lakes is controlled by the elevation and topography of the surrounding area, and more importantly temperature. In turn, these factors could be controlled by climate change. For this reason it is important to monitor the processes associated with glacial lakes to get a clearer understanding of the impacts any future climate change will have on glacial lakes and the Greenland ice sheet. References Abdalati, W. and Steffen, K. (2001). Greenland ice sheet melt extent: 19791999. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (19842012), 106(D24), pp.3398333988. Bartholomaus, T., Anderson, R. and Anderson, S. (2007). Response of glacier basal motion to transient water storage. Nature Geoscience, 1(1), pp.3337. Box, J. and Ski, K. (2007). Remote sounding of Greenland supraglacial melt lakes: implications for subglacial hydraulics. Journal of glaciology, 53(181), pp.257265. Chu, V. (2014). Greenland ice sheet hydrology A review. Progress in Physical Geography, 38(1), pp.1954. Das, S., Joughin, M., Behn, M., Howat, I., King, M., Lizarralde, D., et al. (2008). Fracture propagation to the base of the Greenland Ice Sheet during supra-glacial lakedrainage. Science, 5877, 778−781. Liang, Y., Colgan, W., Lv, Q., Steffen, K., Abdalati, W., Stroeve, J., Gallaher, D. and Bayou, N. (2012). A decadal investigation of supraglacial lakes in West Greenland using a fully automatic detection and tracking algorithm. Remote Sensing of Environment, 123, pp.127138. Luthje, M., Pedersen, L., Reeh, N. and Greuell, W. (2006). Modelling the evolution of supraglacial lakes on the West Greenland ice-sheet margin. Journal of Glaciology, 52(179), pp.608618. McMillan M, Nienow P, Shepherd A, et al. (2007) Seasonal evolution of supra-glacial lakes on the Greenland Ice Sheet. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 262(3–4): 484–492. Sundal AV, Shepherd A, Nienow P, et al. (2009) Evolution of supra-glacial lakes across the Greenland Ice Sheet. Remote Sensing of Environment 113(10): 2164–2171. Sundal AV, Shepherd A, Nienow P, et al. (2011) Meltinduced speed-up of Greenland ice sheet offset by efficient subglacial drainage. Nature 469(7331):521–524. Tweed, F. and Russell, A. (1999). Controls on the formation and sudden drainage of glacier-impounded lakes: implications for jokulhlaup characteristics. Progress in Physical Geography, 23(1), pp.79110. Weertman, J. 1973. Can a water-filled crevasse reach the bottom surface of a glacier? IASH Publ. 95 (Symposium at Cambridge1969 – Hydrology of Glaciers), 139–145. Zwally, H.J., W. Abdalati, T. Herring, K. Larson, J. Saba and K. Steffen. 2002. Surface melt-induced acceleration of Greenland ice-sheet flow. Science, 297(5579), 218–222.

Technology & Film Essay -- Film Cinema Movies

Technology & Film Technology has had a huge impact on the world, especially the film industry. It has had a long past and as the technology advances, it becomes more and more realistic. It all began with the first machine patented in the United States that showed animated pictures or movies. It was called the â€Å"wheel of life† or â€Å"zoopraxiscope† and was patented in 1867 by William Lincoln. Moving drawings or photographs were watched through a slit in the zoopraxiscope. However, modern motion picture making began with the invention of the motion picture camera. Frenchman Louis Lumiere is usually credited with the creation of the first motion picture camera in 1895, but several others were invented around the same time. What Lumiere invented was a portable motion picture camera, film processing unit and a projector called the Cinematography, all three functions in one invention. This made motion pictures very popular and it is also known as beginning the motion picture era. In 1895, Lumiere and his brother were the first to present projected, moving, photographic pictures to a paying audience of more than one person. However, they were also not the first to project film. In 1891, the Edison Company successfully demonstrated the Kinetoscope which allowed one person at a time to view moving pictures. Also in 1896, he showed the improved Vitascope projector and it was the first commercially successful projector in the United States. These inventions lead the way to even more discoveries. The early films that were produced were short, grainy, grayscale and silent but technology improved. The debute of The Jazz Singer (1927) in New York had the first words spoken in a feature film by Al Jolson. He sai... ...ors long-dead could be digitally produced. If this is so, then the question is raised of who controls the use and profits from their work. It also raises many ethical issues. Overall, technology in the film industry has come a long way and it has brought many exciting and helpful inventions for film. However, with new technology also brings some issues and questions for the future of the film industry. Works Cited Bellis, Mary. The History of the Motion Picture. The New York Times Company. 2005. http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blmotionpictures.htm Parsons, June J. and Oja, Dan. Computer Concepts 8th Edition. United States: Course Technology, 2006. Computer Generated Imagery. Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 12 Dec 2005. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery

The Horla by Guy de Maupassant

â€Å"The Horla† By Guy de Maupassant Guy de Maupassant’s short story â€Å"The Horla† is a great example of the notion that art sometimes imitates life. In 1887, while battling the end stages of syphilis and institutionalized for insanity, de Maupassant’s last story â€Å"The Horla† was published. In the pages his fictional character, the narrator, chronicles his journey into madness while fighting an unseen beast. The protagonist can be compared to de Maupassant and his own struggle with syphilis and psychosis. This story was originally written in French, the author de Maupassant’s native language.It begins merrily with the narrator, who by all means seems young, healthy and wealthy, living in an estate, journals his first entry on May 8th exclaiming, â€Å"What a lovely day! † (de Maupassant 1). In subsequent entries what the narrator says about himself, through his actions, his diary becomes the witness of his madness and parallels the authors own progression of syphilis. The first signs of the narrator’s depression begin to manifest four days after he spots a â€Å"superb-three mast† Brazilian vessel and salutes it.He will later come to believe that this single gesture, performing a salute, has unconsciously invited a supernatural being that was aboard the ship to enter his home. He is plagued by a fever and melancholy, changing his mood from happiness into despair. Feeling as if â€Å"some misfortune has upset his nerves and given him a fit of low spirits† (de Maupassant 2). Like his fictional character, the narrator, de Mausspant would have likely suffered from fever. The disease plaguing de Mausspant, Syphilis, is sexually transmitted and has many symptoms.In the early stages of his disease, fever is a common symptom of syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease. The medical symptoms of Syphilis tend to mimic many other diseases. Patients within four to ten weeks after contracting the v irus tend to have flu like symptoms; fever, muscle aches and decreased appetite. As the story continues, the narrator is overwhelmed with anxiety as if some irrational being is at work, one that the human eye cannot see but is nonetheless to blame, he begins to wonder if the fever is not only having an effect on his body but also on his mind. On May 16th he enters in his journals that yes, e believes he is becoming seriously ill. His writing begins to show that he is being gripped by paranoia. Feeling as if something inevitable, some unseen force is around the corner and ready to attack his physical well-being. He has a horrible â€Å"sensation of some danger threatening him† (de Maupassant 3), but has yet to give his affliction a name. Paranoia as being defined by Webster’s dictionary is a psychosis that is characterized by delusions of persecution or grandeur usually without hallucinations. There may also be a tendency on the part of an individual towards irrational suspiciousness or distrustfulness.Subsequently, paranoia is a defying feature for paranoid schizophrenics. Using these guidelines and the narrator’s own description of his emotional state, it would tend to lead the reader into believing he is suffering from schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is also a medical induced symptom of syphilis (Kaplan, and Sadick). To escape his overwhelming feelings of being tormented and haunted by the unknown, the narrator escapes to Mount St. Michel. Feeling refreshed, he returns home in good health and spirits. However, very soon after his return, his nightmares return.Once again, he leaves and travels to Paris, hoping to enjoy the July 14th festivities. In Paris, he has the opportunity to attend a demonstration of hypnosis. At this demonstration, he learns about the power of suggestion. His spirits renewed, he decides to return home and once again the manifestations return. The creature which he has named The Horla, takes control of his body. Soon, he's unable to leave his home in order to escape from this invisible monster. Reaching this point in the story, one would believe the narrator is struggling with an inner demon, mental illness, not a physical entity.Fearing an unseen monster has possessed him, the narrator becomes withdrawn; unable to leave the confines of his home. You could ask, is the monster real or just another symptom of schizophrenia? Has the author, de Maupassant described his own feelings? Displaying his feelings as his protagonist in the story? People with schizophrenia may have hallucinations, hearing voices that other people don't hear. They may believe other people or things are reading their minds, controlling their thoughts, or plotting to harm them. This illness can make a person seem withdrawn or extremely agitated. On August 18th, the narrator writes â€Å"Oh!Yes I will obey Him, follow His impulses, fulfill all His wishes, show myself humble, submissive, a coward. †(de Maupassant 14) Feelin g overpowered, the narrator succumbs to the control of The Horla. His writing becomes like that of a maniac cumulating to thoughts of killing his captor, the captor that at times resides inside of him. Feeling that he may be able to take control when The Horla is creeping around the house and kill him the narrator in a moment of frenzy sets fire to his home. With his home in blazes the narrator flees to escape, only to realize he has trapped his servants in the home. The home has now became the servants grave.Overcome with paranoia when he realizes that he could not kill that which he could not see he decides his only way to escape is death. The narrator’s final line brings the conclusion to this story, â€Å"I suppose I must kill myself† (de Maupassant 18). Many sufferers of mental illness believe that suicide is the answer. On average, one out of every 10 schizophrenic patients will commit suicide. The high risk of suicide in schizophrenia is due in large part to the depression and paranoia that characterize the disorder (Veague). While unknown to the readers if the narrator actually kills himself, he was surely mad.This very madness has been documented in the real life of the author Guy de Maupassant. He himself tried to commit suicide by cutting his throat in 1891. His failed suicide attempt, his growing fear of death and paranoia led to his being institutionalized. He would spend his last 18 months of life in a Paris mental institution (Lombardi). His last work, â€Å"The Horla† should be remembered as one of his best short stories, one in which he had written himself into, as the stories own antagonist. Guy de Maupassant’s short life ended on July 6th, 1893. Works Cited de Maupassant, Guy. The Horla (Fantasy and Horror Classics).Digital. Read Books Limited, 2011. 1-18. eBook. Kaplan, Harold, and Benjamin Sadick. â€Å"http://www. schizophrenia. com/family/misdiag. html. † Schizophrenia. com. Baltimore:Williams & Wilkins , n. d. Web. 18 Oct 2012. Lombardi, Esther. Guy de Maupassant Biography. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. . Veague, Heather. â€Å"Schizophrenia, Impact on Families and Society. † Suicide and Schizophrenia. N. p. , 12 2009. Web. 17 Oct 2012. .

Exam Paper on Quality Control Management and Six Sigma Essay Example

Exam Paper on Quality Control Management and Six Sigma Essay Example Exam Paper on Quality Control Management and Six Sigma Essay Exam Paper on Quality Control Management and Six Sigma Essay A. Evaluate the organizational changes made by the company in 2005 relative to the theory of LEAN and TQM. Assignment 2 (Weight: 60%): LEAN Value Stream Analysis A. Make a Value Stream Map (VSM) of the companys current set-up B. Analyze the urrent value stream and describe waste and improvement opportunities (Kaizen events). C. Present a VSM future state, and discuss/argue for your choices of design Assignment 3 (Weight: 20%): Six Sigma A. Explain what characterize a process that has a Six Sigma Capability. B. Explain the difference between special cause variation and common cause variation (i. e. assignable variation versus system variation), and why the ability to identify and distinguish between these types of variation is crucial when working with Six Sigma. Case to the exam assignment: Office Chairs Inc. The company Office Chairs, Inc. in the case the Company) designs and produces office chairs. The company is placed in Denmark where administration, design and manufacturing takes place. The company sells its chairs to whole sellers throughout the ELI, who in turn sell the chairs to retailers. Both the whole sellers and companys chairs. Market situation: retailers keep a small inventory o Since 2005 the company has experienced an increasing pressure from the whole sellers demanding: 1. Lower prices 2. Faster delivery performance (lead time) 3. More product variants 4. Customer tailoring (i. . the customer designs his/her own chair) Key financial figures: Figure Year 2006 2007 2008 Total revenue (in million DKR) 235 243 Number of chairs sold (in thousands) 213 241 265 EBIT on million DKR) 31 5 -11 Total number of full time employees 110 114 119 Orders delivered on time -performance 82% 98% Raw material inventory (average, in million DKR) 2 7 11 Work in progress inventory (average, in m illion DKR) 6 Finished goods inventory (average, in million DKR) 4 9 18 Organizational changes made in 2005: In 2005 the company made the following organizational changes: 1 . The company builds a new production plant (schematically shown at the last page f the case) 2. New vision: The company wants to be the best supplier in the EIJ with regards to delivery time. The goal, which the company more or less reached in 2006, is to be able to ship orders the day after the order is placed. Most of the companys whole sellers now expect this fast service, the effect being a significant increase in the companys inventories. 3. The company changed its chair design so that all office chairs are build using the same basic components. The company produces the following components: 2 types of feet (one with and one without wheels) 2 types of seats (soft and hard) types of back rest (low and high) The company orders the following components from suppliers: 1 type of piston (making the seating height adjustable) 1 type of arm rest These basic components allows for 16 different basic models (8 basic models that can be fitted with arm rests if the customer so desires). All components are in the same color (black). The company offers 5 different types of fabric (for the seat and back rest) in 10 different colors. 4. With the new design the company also changes the way offices chairs are ordered by retailers. The company have made a catalogue and an order sheet showing the ifferent design components (i. e. types of feet, seat, arm rest ) fabrics and colors, and the customer (end user) simply fill out this order sheet in the retail shop. The retailer then fills out an order form that is faxed directly to the company (or to the whole seller that taxes the order torm to the company). . Customer orders are processed in the Customer service and order processing department, where the faxed order forms from the retailers/whole sellers are registered in the companys ERP system. The ERP system contains all delivery orders as well as data on inventory evels of all raw materials, work in progress inventory and finished goods inventories. The ERP system automatically transfer packaging and invoice instructi ons to the shipment department, who is responsible for packaging and shipment of all incoming orders. Orders received before 2 0clock are made ready for shipment before 12 0clock the following day. The whole sellers are responsible for arranging transport from the company to the whole seller (or directly to the retailer). 6. The company makes a Department for quality control, that are placed organizationally nder the inventory department. Quality control is done using statistically calculated samples, which are analyzed by specialists from the inventory department. Samples are taken from both the raw materials inventory and the finished goods inventory no later than one week after it is places in inventory. Quality control results are registered in a computer program that will alert the specialist in case the sample deviates from the set specification limits. In the case of deviations from the specified limits the specialist will notify the production department, who is responsible for lacing the inspected lot in quarantine and wait for instructions from the department for quality control. The department for quality control inspects quarantined goods once a week and decides what to do with it (i. e. rework or scrap). Production The production takes place in different production units (see the schematic drawing at the last page): Piston: Delivered by an independent supplier, who receives an order every 14 days. Pistons are ordered when the minimum inventory level reaches 8000 and a minimum order of 15000 is placed. The pistons are delivered within 2-3 days, and are placed in he raw material inventory. Arm rests: Also delivered by independent supplier, who receives an order every 14 days. Delivery time is much longer (typically up to 6 weeks), which is the reason why the minimum inventory level is set at 14000 pairs. Arm rests are placed in the raw material inventory. Feet: The company produces the feet in their own metal casting department. The foot is made of aluminum and the production capacity is 180 feet per production hour. Production is planned when the inventory level reaches 3000 feet, and a minimum batch size of 5000 feet is produces. The feet are the same regardless of wheels or nor the foot is mounted with wheels or rubber cylinders right after the foot have cooled off, and the feet are then placed on pallets in the work in progress inventory (50 feet on each pallet). Change over time is O. Seats: The company produces the two types of seats in their own plastic casting department (casting unit 1), and the capacity is 100 seat per hour. Production is planned when the inventory level reaches 2000 units, and a minimum batch size of 3000 units is produced. The seats are then placed on pallets in the work in progress inventory (40 seats on each pallet). Change over time is 2 hours. Back rests: The company produces the two types ot back rests in their own plastic casting department (casting unit 2), and the capacity is 150 back rests per hour. Production is planned when the inventory level reaches 1500 units, and a minimum batch size of 4000 units is produced. The back rests are placed on pallets in the work in progress inventory (30 seats on each pallet). Change over time is 2 hours. Seat and back rest upholstery: The company prepares and do the upholstery in the upholstery department. The upholstery department is responsible for making sure that there is minimum of 50 seats and 50 back rests on inventory in each of the fabrics and colors offered by the company. The capacity is 250 seats or 250 back rests per hour when all machines are running. The upholstered seats and back rests are placed on pallets in the work in progress inventory (25 seats or back rests on each pallet). Change over time is 30 minutes. The workers in the metal casting department and the two units in the plastic department operates one machine only, and each worker is responsible for getting the raw materials he/she needs from the inventory, and also for transporting the nits they produced to the work in progress inventory. Because it takes 2-3 days of training to learn how to operate each machine, the majority of workers can only operate one machine. Assembly: The assembly department assembles the chairs by mounting a piston, seat, back rest, and arm rests on a foot. The workers assemble chairs based on actual customer orders, sent to the department from the shipping department. The capacity is 200 chairs per hour. When a chair is assembled it is labeled with the customers order number and transported by the worker to the shipping department. Change over time is O. Shipping: The shipping departments prints out shipping documents and invoice, and pack these with the finished chair. The chair is then transported to the loading area where it waits for the whole sellers transport to arrive. Factory layout: The metal casting and plastic casting units are placed in production site 1, and all machines in each department and unit is placed in one line. The other production units are placed in production site 2. Inventory and production planning Production is planned using MRP to calculate inventory levels for all inventories. The MRP is based on a running forecast on the next 30 days of sold chairs. If an inventory level reaches a defined threshold, a procurement or production order is generated. The MRP is done once a week by the production planning department and the result is an overall production schedule for the next 30 days. Based on the estimated production needs for the next 30 days, the production department makes a detailed production plan tor the tollowing week, trying to minimize the number of change over on each machine. Schematic representation of information and production flow in Office Chairs Inc.

Mississippi Burning, directed by Alan Parker Essay Example

Mississippi Burning, directed by Alan Parker Essay Example Mississippi Burning, directed by Alan Parker Paper Mississippi Burning, directed by Alan Parker Paper Essay Topic: Film Mississippi Burning is a thought provoking film, which explores racism and segregation between black and white people, in a small southern town, in the United States of America. The film is set it the late 1960s, during the Civil Rights Act, where the southern community of America were unwilling to change their lifestyle and include black citizens into the society. This lead to economical and social oppression, whereby poverty in the south increased and a rise in violence and crime, meant that it was a dangerous place to live, especially for black citizens. The film contains many symbols and underlying meanings which the average audience would not understand. The opening sequence of any film, clearly establishes the mood and setting of the film. It needs to be interesting and powerful in order to captivate the attention of the audience. In Mississippi Burning, the opening scene establishes the mood as being one of anger and hatred. There is an establishing shot of a dull and dilapidated washroom, with two sinks, one of better quality than the other. Symbolically, the vertical drain pipe acts like a division between the two sinks and the two races. A white man enters the shot and uses the sophisticated wash basin, whilst a young black boy washes his hands in the unclean sink. This immediately informs the audience about what the film is going to be about. Also some of the audience, who did not experience segregation, get an insight into what life was like during this period of time. Alan Parker uses lighting to great significance. The opening shot is dull and unlit, and significantly the light through the window, shines on the sink, which is used by the white citizens. This has an unconscious impact on the audience, and they realise that the white citizens are being favoured in this town. However what the director is also trying to portray, is the fact that the economic recession has had an impact on the whole society. The black people are only slightly poorer than the white people, because the two societies are using the same dilapidated washroom. This tells us that the whole community is not as socially or economically advanced as the northern areas of America. The background music is also symbolic. The soundtrack suggests that the film is of a serious nature, because it creates an atmosphere of grief by the using a lament Blues song, originated by black African-Americans, who were enslaved by white people and used this type of music to express their feelings. This further cements the racism link. The images of the next establishing shot, a burning church combines excellently with the music to make the scene very depressing and dull. The church has a moral message. It suggests that these people are against Christian values and suggests that this is a place of hell. The burning cross is an oblique reference to the Ku Klux Klan, a group of white people who terrified black and Jewish people. As the church finally collapses the camera zooms in making the experience more intense. Alan Parker then uses several camera techniques, which allows the audience to take in the symbolic information. The camera pans up and the flames die down, and there is a black background with white text saying Directed by Alan Parker. I think that the director combined these images of the washroom and burning church; to make the audience tense before the action unfolds. An important aspect of the opening sequence is the fact that there has been no dialogue so far, which sustains tensions and the silence during the opening scenes creates a menacing atmosphere. The whole screen then becomes black and the next establishing shot is a car in the black night, with two-thirds of the screen still black, representing the menacing night. The background music has stopped and we can hear the real sounds of the cars. We then get a close-up shot of the unknown faces in the car; we cant distinguish who they are at the moment, although it seems ironic in a sense that there are two white people and one black person in the same car. In the next shot the camera angle expands to show that the road is in the middle of nowhere and that there is nobody to stop an attack from happening. The camera then switches into the car where the lighting is very dark but the characters seem quite relaxed. It seems too calm, and I think the director is leading the audience into a false sense of security, because the mood of this scene doesnt seem to fit with the outline of the film. Then a drum beat starts, which symbolises the Death March, and adds to the narrative tension. It prepares the audience for the death of someone, possibly the foreigners in the car. The camera then changes to a long shot and the audience spots another anonymous car, following the first car. This second car, an iconic truck of the southern white American citizens, has its lights turned off because they want to remain ominous. The audience feel unsympathetic and sinister towards the mysterious people in the truck, because the viewers are unaware of who they are and what they look like. The director then increases narrative tension, by increasing the sound volume, as the truck approaches the saloon car. This also increases the narrative pace of the film and the audience know that they are about to witness something dramatic. Then all of a sudden, the tension is cut and a police siren starts to wail, and a side shot of the two cars shows that the truck behind is a police car. As the two men get out of the police car, the unsure audience are eager to find out if these men are really policemen, but the director uses lighting very cleverly to hide the identity of the two men, which adds mystery and suspense to the atmosphere of the scene. The viewers know that everything in the shade is underhand. The short scenes and good use of cutting allows there to be an increase in narrative tension and pace of the film. The scene seems somewhat interrogational, where the policeman shines a light on the faces of the people in the car. As soon as the man who got out of the car talks, his personality becomes apparent. His appearance makes him seem psychotic and menacing and he uses impolite and informal speech. He has a southern accent and comments on the smell of the person in the car, calling him a nigger loving Jew boy. The audience immediately dislike this vulgar, racist and aggressive character. In complete contrast, the northern citizen is polite and the director wants to portray him as a young, idealistic, civilised man. He refers to the police officer as Sir, after he realises that he is an aggressive man. The audience feel sympathetic towards the driver as he is polite, but also because he has feminine features. The black man in the back knows whats happening, and tells his friend not to look at the face of the southern man, but its too late and he shoots the driver. The audience hears three shots and assume that all three men in the car are dead. Although there are no images the sounds of the racist killers laughing about the atrocities that they had just committed, brings a sad and hateful mood to the opening sequence. Again, there is a pause of a couple of seconds, with just a black background, allowing the audience to reflect on the events that have just happened. There were some very strong images on show in the previous scenes which are vital for the rest of the movie. It prepares the audience for the rest of the film, and it gives them knowledge of the historical, social and economical context of the film.

Download music should or shouldn't Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Download music should or shouldn't - Essay Example This in-turn gives an alarming notice to the music industry, since the government's plan of busting illegal down loaders’ can seriously harm the industry. Even the stars have different views about illegal downloading. Lily Allen and James Blunt are supporting the bust out of the illegal music downloads, on the other hand, the pop star Shakira believes that illegal downloading or file sharing actually takes her closer to her fans (Shields). WHY IS ILLEGAL DOWNLOAD OF MUSIC ETHICALLLY NOT RIGHT There are laws in every country to protect individuals from all professions. It is their right of course. Similarly, there are defined laws for protecting people in the music industry. Illegal music downloads have not only affected the stars themselves but also retail owners all over the world because they have lost some serious business. This, in turn, means that just because individuals are downloading music illegally a number of people might be getting unemployed in this time of econom ic crisis. In other words, every instance a song is downloaded illegally; an individual snatches something from another individual somewhere around the world for themselves. If anyone wants to download music, he should do it legally. There are multiple sources available to download legal music. There are cheap options available, as well. There are a certain programs that have been declared as legal as mentioned earlier. Now these are all legal because licensing agreements have been signed. Flouting copyright law is a serious offense (Downloading Music). PROs AND CONs OF DOWNLOADING MUSIC Pros Downloading music can get to the masses in minutes, which is not only handy and easily accessible to them, but also a potent treat for the... This "Download music should or shouldn't" essay outlines why it is not an easy issue. On one hand, the music download is facilitating the consumers and increasing its demand but, on the other hand, it’s not only reducing the sales figures of the music industry but also making it an inexpensive and common commodity. Pros †¢ Downloading music can get to the masses in minutes, which is not only handy and easily accessible to them, but also a potent treat for the music fans all over the world since they can get their hands on the music almost instantly. †¢ Downloading music is free. This saves the music fans a handsome amount of money since the legal copies cost a little too much for a normal man. †¢ The individuals who support music downloads say that it not only helps increase the popularity of the artist/singer, but it has also contributed a substantial chunk in the current success of the music industry worldwide. Cons †¢ It is rightly said that things that we get easily without putting in an extra effort are not that precious to any individual as would be a product which requires an extra effort from the consumer. †¢ The music downloads lead to a fall in sales of the retailers of music stores, in turn of the music companies and ultimately the stars themselves too. This can have a disturbing effect on the music industry because of the loss of funds. †¢ At times, downloading music is not even totally free. Downloading from websites may charge a subscription fee which might be equal to purchasing an actual copy (Oak).

Childhood Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Childhood Obesity - Essay Example However, the physical cost of being obese are much greater even than this. It is well-known that obesity can dramatically lower life expectancy at every age level. Approaching epidemic proportions, identifying the causes and treatment of obesity is of utmost importance particularly when working with children who have an entire lifetime ahead of them. An obese person is someone who has more body fat than science considers healthy for their particular height, body type, gender and age. As a general rule, people who are 40 to 100 pounds over this determined ideal weight range are considered obese. People who are more than 100 pounds over this weight range are called morbidly obese. Heredity significantly influences obesity. People who are genetically predisposed to being obese have a harder time trying to lose weight or to maintain a desired body mass. Children born into overweight families are often overweight even before they have the opportunity to try maintaining a healthy weight. Other contributing factors to the problem of obesity in children can include metabolic and socioeconomic circumstances, diseases, endocrine ailments and medications Metabolism refers to how efficiently a person’s body burns up energy. Metabolic levels and hormonal balances differ widely from one person to another and both factor significantly i n controlling weight. (â€Å"Overview of Obesity†, 2007). Overeating, eating fatty foods and spending long periods of time in inactivity also contribute significantly to obesity. Studies have also shown that there is a connection between substandard economic circumstances and the rates of obesity in children. The food available to lower income populations usually has a higher level of empty calories, meaning it is poor in nutritional value but high in fat and corn syrup. Children growing up in low income homes don’t always have the option to eat well and

Capital Budgeting Projects Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Capital Budgeting Projects - Research Paper Example The government of San Diego in undertaking these beneficial projects will face the difficulty in determining exactly the benefits. The benefits such as the effectiveness in transporting goods and reducing the cost of transportation can be easily highlighted. However, quantifying these benefits in monetary terms is very complex and cannot be accurately measures (Mikesell, 2011). The value of the goods transported and the speed of moving the human resource may not be determined without recording errors. The pursuance of these projects will also have some costs and negative externalities. During the development of the transport infrastructure, the government will incur costs of destroying the environment and moving the locals in order to get the space for expanding the projects. Moreover, destruction cost to the natural resources like rivers, trees and other resources cannot be easily determined. The increased number of automotives would increase the level of air pollution whose long term impact is hard to determine. Besides, the government must discount the future benefits and costs to determine the net present value. The rate of discounting the future benefits and the costs will pose the greatest challenge to the government (Mikesell, 2011). The use of an inappropriate rate may impair the decision of pursuing the project. In summary, the discounting of government projects remains difficult because of the non profit characteristics of the projects. The government in selecting the projects must however ensure that the projects pursued have more benefits compared to the costs. The San Diego capital improvement project in which the transport infrastructure is improved will definitely have more benefits than

Consumers as Individuals Essay Example for Free

Consumers as Individuals Essay The self-concept refers to the beliefs a person holds about their attributes, and how they evaluate these qualities. Components of the self-concept It is composed of many attributes, some of which are given greater emphasis when the overall self is being evaluated. Attributes of self-concept can be described along such dimensions as their content (for example, facial attractiveness vs. mental aptitude), positivity or negativity (i. e. elf-esteem), intensity, stability over time and accuracy (that is, the degree to which one’s self-assessment corresponds to reality). Self-esteem Self-esteem refers to the positivity of a person’s self-concept. People with low self-esteem do not expect that they will perform very well, and they will try to avoid embarrassment, failure or rejection. People with high self-esteem expect to be successful,, will take more risks and are more willing to be the centre of attention. Self-esteem is often related to acceptance by others. Marketing communications can influence a consumer’s level of self-esteem. Exposure to ads can trigger a process of social comparison, where the person tries to evaluate their self by comparing it to the people in these artificial images. Real and ideal selves Self-esteem is influenced by a process where the consumer compares their actual standing on some attribute to some ideal. The ideal self is a person’s conception of how they would like to be, while the actual self refers to our more realistic appraisal of the qualities we have or lack. And we often engage in a process of impression management where we work hard to ‘manage’ what others think of us by strategically choosing clothing and other cues that will put us in a good light. The ideal self is partly moulded by elements of the consumer’s culture, such as heroes or people depicted in advertising who serve as models of achievement or apprearance. Products may be purchased because they are believed to be instrumental in helping us achieve these goals. Some products are chosen because they are reaching the standard set by the ideal self. Multiple selves We have as many selves as we do different social roles. Depending on the situation, we act differently, use different products and services, and we even vary in terms of how much we like ourselves. A person may require a different set of products to play a desired role. The self can be thought of as having different components, or role identities, and only some of these are active at any given time. Symbolic interactionism If each person potentially has many social selves, how does each develop and how do we decide which self to ‘activate’ at any point in time? The sociological tradition of symbolic interactionism stresses that relationships with other people play a large part in forming the self. This perspective maintains that people exist in a symbolic environment, and the meaning attached to any situation or object is determined by the interpretation of these symbols. Like other social objects, the meanings of consumers themselves are defined b social consensus. The consumer interprets their own identity, and this assessment is continually evolving as they encounter new situations and people. The looking-glass self When you choose an article of clothing, the mirror superimposes it on your reflection so that you can see how it would look on you. This process of imagining the reactions of others towards us is known as ‘taking the role of the other’, or the looking-glass self. According to this view, our desire to define ourselves operates as a sort of psychological sonar, we take readings of our own identify by ‘bouncing’ signals off others and trying to project what impression they have of us. Self-conciousness There are times when people seem to be painfully aware of themselves. If you have ever walked into a class in the middle of a lecture and noticed that all eyes were on you, you can understand this feeling of self-conciousness. Some people seem in general to be more sensitive to the image they communicate to others. A heightened concern about he nature of one’s public ‘image’ also results in more concern about the social appropriateness of products and consumption activities. Several measures have been devised to measure this tendency. Consumers who score high on a scale of public self-conciousness, for example, are also more interested in clothing and are heavier users of cosmetic. A similar measure is self-monitoring. High self-monitors are more attuned to how they present themselves in their social environments, and their product choices are influenced by their estimates of how these items will be perceived by others. High self-monitors are more likely than low self-monitors to evaluate products consumed in public in terms of the impressions they make on others. Products that shape the self: you are what you consume Recall that the reflected self helps to shape self-concept, which implies hat people see themselves as they imagine others see them. People use an individual’s consumption behaviours to help them make judgements about that person’s social identity. A consumer exhibits attachment to an object to the extent that it is used by that person to maintain their self-concept. Objects can act as a sort of security blanket by reinforcing our identities, especially in unfamiliar situations. Symbolic self-completion theory predicts that people who have an incomplete self-definition tend to complete this identity by acquiring and displaying symbols associated with it. Self/product congruence Because many consumption activities are related to self-definition, it is not surprising to learn that consumers demonstrate consistency between their values and the things they buy. Self-image congruence models predict that products will be chosen when their attributes match some aspect of the self. These models assume a process of cognitive matching between these attributes and the consumer’s self-image. Research tends to support the idea of congruence between product usage and self-image. Congruity has also been found between consumers and their most preferred brands of beer, soap, toothpaste and cigarettes relative to their least preferred brands, as well as between consumers’ self-images and their favourite shops. Some specific attributes that have been found to be useful in describing some of the matches between consumers and products include rugged/delicate, excitable/calm,†¦. The extended self. Many of the props and settings consumers use to define their social roles in a sense become a part of their selves. Those external objects that we consider a part of us comprise the extended self. Many material objects, ranging from personal possessions and pets to national monuments or landmarks, help to form a consumer’s identity. Four levels of the extended self were described. These range from very personal objects to places and things that allow people to feel like they are rooted in their larger social environments. †¢ Individual level. Consumers include many of their personal possessions in self-definition. These products can include jewellery, cars, clothing and so on. The saying ‘You are what you wear’ reflects the belief that one’s things are a part of what one is. †¢ Family level. This part of the extended self includes a consumer’s residence and its furnishings. The house can be thought of as a symbolic body for the family and often is a central aspect of identity. †¢ Community level. It is common for consumers to describe themselves in terms of the neighbourhood or town from which they come. †¢ Group level. Our attachments to certain social groups can be considered a part of self. A consumer may feel that landmarks, monuments or sports teams are a part of the extended self. Sexual identity is a very important component of a consumer’s self-concept. People often conform to their culture’s expectations about how those of their gender should act, dress, speak and so on. To the extent that our culture is everything that we learn, then virtually all aspects of the consumption process must be affected by culture. Gender differences in socialization A society’s assumptions about the proper roles of men and women are communicated in terms of the ideal behaviours that are stressed for each sex (in advertising, among other places). Gender goals and expectations In many societies, males are controlled by agentic goals, which stress self-assertion and mastery. Females, on the other hand, are taught to value communal goals such as affiliation and the fostering of harmonious relations. Every society creates a set of expectations regarding the behaviours appropriate for men and women, and finds ways to communicate these priorities. Gender vs. sexual identity Sex role identity is a state of mind as well as body. A person’s biological gender does not totally determine whether they will exhibit sex-typed traits, or characteristics that are stereotypically associated with one sex or the other. A consumer’s subjective feelings about their sexuality are crucial as well.