Problems Faced By Working Women - 1949 Words

Research paper Outline womens faced major problems in work place. PROBLEMS FACED BY WORKING WOMEN IN INDIA: Despite advancements made by women in today’s society there are still affected by domestic abuse, sexual harassment and gender discrimination in the workplace. Main idea 1: Domestic abuse - Domestic abuse has a divesting effect on the victim. Main idea 2: Sexual harassment - Sexual harassment in the work place can result in low employee morale and a decrease in productivity. Main idea 3: Gender discrimination - Gender discrimination in the work place women are not taken as seriously as men. Today’s women have made great strides toward establishing her equality and worth in the eyes of her male counterpart. But although she may have broken many barriers and achieved great accomplishments, there are still some deep rooted issues which continue to affect her in a most insipidious manner. So sublte and clandestine are these issues that if one takes only a cursory look they may even go unnoticed. 1.Domesticts abuse: These are the issues of domesticts aduse ,I have first hand knowledge of its devasting effects on women.without so much raising a finger a man can render a women virtually helpless by systematically undermining her self esteem, self worth and self respect as according to today (2000) â€Å"verbal, psychology and emotional abuse have the same effects as the physical variety.† Womens have to handle harassment s atShow MoreRelatedDomestic Worker Means A Person Between The Age1409 Words   |  6 PagesDOMESTIC WORKER Means a person between the age 15-60 yrs working in any domestic employments, directly or through an agency or contractor whether exclusively for one employer or in a group or otherwise one or more employers whether simultaneously or otherwise includes a casual or temporary domestic worker, Migrant worker, but does not include any Member of the family of an employer. (Draft Bill-2008) EMPLOYER in relation to any domestic worker means the person who has an ultimate control over theRead MoreA Brief Note On Women And Informal Sector1660 Words   |  7 Pages1.4 WOMEN IN INFORMAL SECTOR In many studies it is found that among all categories in the informal sector, domestic worker’ income is the very lowest and they face many problems (Sundaram,1966). They are mostly involved in household tasks, which include washing utensils, floor cleaning ,washing of cloths, cooking as well as some outdoor tasks such as purchase of vegetables etc. Most of them live in slums, lead a monotonous life without any colour, struggle in the every day for their survivalRead MoreGender Issues For Women s Mothers At Work1510 Words   |  7 PagesGender related issues for women inparticula mothers at work. Gender inequality Inequalities have been prevalent since the beginning of civilization. Up until the women’s movement, did we see a shift in feminism whereby women would gain certain rights. Within this movement, the role of the women fell short to discrimination and gender inequalities. The argument stands forth and is true that there are gender inequalities prevailing in all aspects of society. Thus, the concept of gender is notRead MoreGender Inequality Within The Workplace1469 Words   |  6 Pagesequality because many of these fields simply rely on your ability to work a computer and no one has to know who you are so it would be a much simpler place to start. The solutions are fairly straightforward, but nonetheless need to be discussed. The problem begins at a very young age, as young as middle school in fact where young girls are led to believe that they can not perform as well as boys in certain subjects. â€Å"Starting from a young age girls are made to believe that their abilities are not sufficientRead MoreThe Women s Suffrage By Susan B. Anthony1195 Words   |  5 Pageswomen’s suffrage movement, illustrates the hypocrisy women faced during the late 1800’s. Furthermore, it displays that women’s rights can be compared to that of an enslaved human being instead of a free United States citizen. Throughout American history gender inequality has been a prevalent, ongoing, concern. Sherna Berger Gluck’s novel, From Parlor to Prison, is a collection of stories from five American suffragists depicting their lives while working towards passing the 19th Amendment. Gluck transcribesRead MoreProblems of Gender Inequality for Women in India and Other Countries1674 Words   |  7 Pagesthe problems women in India and other places around the world face in creating women. The major stem of this problem revolves around the gender inequality that still prevails in ma ny countries. Due to less significance given to the working women, the unions made by them dont receive much important either. Provided are some examples of the SEWA and JFJ movements that have made significant changes in the working women in India and America. Introduction The work force has always faced problem inRead MoreProgressive Era Dbq1060 Words   |  5 PagesHowever many problems rose in America. Many people faced poor working conditions including low pay and dangerous environments. Consumers were becoming aware of the horrors of the food industry. Women were seeking their right to vote, and the government was infested with the social elites who controlled industry, trusts and monopolies. Progressive reformers worked to improve the conditions people in the United States faced; they worked towards protecting consumers, improving working conditions, andRead MoreEssay On Slacks And Calluses742 Words   |  3 Pages1). Obstacles they faced included an unjust work place and harassment. Women who wore skirts and rings on their fingers received a greater amount of respect from men, than those who wore slacks and calluses on their fingers. Despite stumbling blocks, Constance and Clara worked in the factories out of a sense of patriotism. Social class is defined as a division of a society based on social economic statues. As revealed in Slacks and Calluses, social class in the lives of women in the early 1900s includedRead MoreThe First Wave Of Women s Suffrage Movement1653 Words   |  7 Pageswomen’s suffrage. During this time, most women in the United States did not have many economic and political rights. Back then priorities of women were to take care of their homes, families, and husbands. These earlier feminists, also known as the first wave feminists, simply wanted a voice and this led to the women’s suffrage movement. By 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment finally passed and gave women the right to vote (Kotef). This successful movement influenced women everywhere in the world and continuedRead More Gender Equality Essay example898 Words   |  4 Pagesaided in the prevention of oppression towards women of all races and classes. The efforts of these individuals are counteracted with instances throu ghout history to prove that these men and women are not treated as if there were an equal condition. There are many instances of discrimination still present today, and one place it is most relevant is in the workplace. Not only are workers separated by gender in their place of work, but also, many women are being segregated inside their own group by

Iago in William Shakespeares Othello Essay - 1229 Words

Iago in William Shakespeares Othello William Shakespeare, born: 1564 died: 1616, is considered one of the greatest writers who has ever lived. He had a unique way of putting things into words. All of his plays, sonnets, and poems have gotten great recognition. But when Shakespeare wrote Othello he created one of the most controversial villains of all times; Iago. He is best described as disturbing, ruthless, and amoral. No other character can even come close to his evil (Iago: The 1). Iago, in the play Othello, is a very intriguing villain. Even though he is often referred to as Honest Iago, he lies, cheats, steals, bullies, and even kills just to get what he wants (Iago as 1). Iago starts off being evil when he finds out that†¦show more content†¦He is just a smart individual who knows how to use his surroundings to his advantage. For example, in Act II, Scene III, Line 296-297 he says, And whats he then that says I play the villain,/When this advice is free I give, and honest/. Iago just proves himself to be the master of deception. It also makes it clear that he was in command on all the characters around him. Iago, directly or indirectly, had something to do with the deaths of Othello, Desdemona, Emilia, Cassio and Roderigo. These are the main characters in the play that were all innocent victims of Iago’s evil ways. All of the problems Iago caused were somehow done by lies, treachery, manipulation, and a great hate for good in general. Most of his hate stems from jealousy and revenge that his wishes to seek against Othello. Every hateful act that he commits contains some type of evil plot that in one way or another will have an effect on Othello. This is ironic because he has Othello so fooled into believing that he is a true friend to him. He is just setting up the main plot in destroying Othello. Iago figures if Othello believes that he is only looking out for the good of him, he will never see anything coming. Iago relies in others’ actions to be able to pull off his evil ways. He uses many of Othello’s actions to reveal his cruel soul. Iago is able to use his cleverness to work on Othello’s personal flaws. Especially when he gives Othello the ideas onShow MoreRelatedIago of William Shakespeares Othello Essay885 Words   |  4 PagesIago of William Shakespeares Othello Iago has a great understanding of people and how they will react to different situations and this skill allows him to control the action so neatly that it as if is he himself is the playwright. He has no regard for the thoughts of others and skilfully manipulates those around him to trick them to play a part in a strategy he has so meticulously planned, for example, the brawl scene. But by no means does he carry out his plans regardlessRead More Iago of William Shakespeares Othello Essay1546 Words   |  7 PagesIago of William Shakespeares Othello Who is Iago? Iago poisons peoples thoughts, creating ideas in their heads without implicating himself. His first victim is Roderigo. Roderigo remarks, That thou, Iago, who hast had my purse as if the strings were thine. [Act I, Scene I, Line 2] Throughout the play, Iago leads Roderigo, professing that . . . I do hate [the Moor] as I do Hell pains. [Act I, Scene I, Line 152] He tells Roderigo to Put money in thy purse [Act I, Scene III, Line 328]Read More Iago in William Shakespeares Othello Essay2704 Words   |  11 PagesIago in William Shakespeares Othello Unequivocally, Iago plays an important and major function in the tragedy of Othello. By the end of the play, Iago has been directly responsible for the deaths of Roderigo, Emilia and the protagonist and his love. Iagos importance to the play is revealed by his contribution to the plot and his significance relative to other characters. Iagos function, which invariably adds to the importance he has on the play, is to lead to the downfall of Othello thereforeRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Presentation of Iago, Othello, and Desdemona in Othello834 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Presentation of Iago, Othello, and Desdemona in Othello From the very beginning of the play ‘Othello’ Shakespeare presents the friendship between Iago and Othello as a lie. Shakespeare makes us see that Iago is only pretending to serve Othello for his own ends and following this on, Othello completely trusts Iago and is able to speak in confidence with him. All the way through the play, Shakespeare shapes the audiences response to make us want to likeRead MoreThe Role of Iago in William Shakespeare’s Othello Essay1242 Words   |  5 PagesThe Role of Iago in William Shakespeare’s Othello As in any Shakespearean tragedy, there are opposing forces that bring about the tragic ending. William Shakespeare’s play Othello would not be one without an evil catalyst named Iago. He is a standard-bearer, or an â€Å"ancient† to the tragic hero Othello, who was a Moorish general in a Venetian army. In the play, Iago is the Satanic figure in whatever the word evil connotes. The word â€Å"evil† means that of which is morally bad or wrong, or thatRead MoreIago as Evil in William Shakespeares Othello Essay1138 Words   |  5 PagesIago as Evil in William Shakespeares Othello Othello is famously regarded as one of Shakespeares greatest tragedies. It explores the downfall of a great general Othello through a series of unlucky circumstances. Othellos character shows a man of high status whose job, marriage and life is ruined because of his insecurities by a man named Iago. Iago (Othellos ensign) is able to manipulate Othello, Othellos wife Desdemona and his own friend Roderigo (a VenetianRead MoreEssay Othello and Iago in William Shakespeares Play2334 Words   |  10 PagesOthello and Iago in William Shakespeares Play Othello, the main character in the play is married to Desdemona. At the start of the play Othello is seen as evil and bad by all the other characters and the audience. Brobantio (Desdemonas father), dislikes Othello very much at the start of the play. This is because Othello married Desdemona without her fathers consent and Brobantio thinks Othello has used black magic to win Desdemonas love. Whereas, this isnt the caseRead MoreIago as an Evil Manipulator in William Shakespeares Othello Essay719 Words   |  3 PagesIago as an Evil Manipulator in William Shakespeares Othello The statement Iago is an evil manipulator in my opinion is true. I see Iago as psychologically astute, deceiving and a misanthrope. His sadistic character hurts everyone in a web of deceit. Iago is Shakespeares most plausible and intriguing villains. The main themes in this play are appearance and reality, love, hate and jealousy. I intend to focus on Iago and see how his character changes and how Read MoreIago and the Literary Tradition of a Villain in William Shakespeares Othello1896 Words   |  8 PagesIago and the Literary Tradition of a Villain in William Shakespeares Othello In this essay, I am going to explain how Iago conforms to the literary tradition of a villain. Firstly, to answer this question, we must understand what exactly is meant by the term villain. The Collins Plain English Dictionary states that a villain is someone who deliberately sets out to harm other people. It is clear that Iago is clearly someone who has intentions of destroyingRead MoreEssay about Character Study of Iago in William Shakespeares Othello1225 Words   |  5 PagesCharacter Study of Iago in William Shakespeares Othello In Othello, Iago works to bring about the downfall of the characters that he hates, particularly Othello and Michael Cassio. In order to do this, he uses not only the weaknesses of his victims, but their strengths and good qualities as well. Iago says this about Desdemona: So will I turn her virtue into pitch, And out of her own goodness makes the net That shall enmesh them all (Act 2 Scene 3)

Citizen Coke The Making Of Coca Cola Capitalism

â€Å"Citizen Coke: The Making of Coca-Cola Capitalism† by Bartow J. Elmore tells a story of how Coca- Cola have changed its industry as well as the globe by utilizing natural resources. To start on his journey about Coca-Cola, Elmore questions the success of the company behind selling Coke, a low-priced mixture of â€Å"sugar, water, and caffeine, packed in glass, plastic, or aluminum† (Elmore 8). Elmore discovers that even though advertising plays an essential key in selling products, Coca-Cola is mostly profitable from outsourcing the supply (Elmore 9). Besides explaining his research on the Coca-Cola capitalism, Elmore also emphasizes on the ecological evidences that support it, which make this book an environmental history of Coca-Cola capitalism (Elmore 14). In the first part of the book, Elmore researches Coca-Cola’s most famous product, Coke by listing its ingredients. He wants to emphasize on the substantial resources such as caffeine, sugar, water, and coca leaf that the company control. This is also contrasted from the beginning of the company’s history when Coca-Cola did not own any water sources, cane, and cornfields (Elmore 31). They key of this change is outsourcing the supply. Elmore mentions some of the names that played significant roles in Coca-Cola’s outsource strategy, such as Robert Woodruff and Asa Candle (Elmore 33). Robert Woodruff wants to reduce resources’ costs through outsourcing extraction and transportation (Elmore 47). Elmore explains that after theShow MoreRelatedCitizen Coke : The Making Of Coca Cola Capitalism1255 Words   |  6 Pages The book Citizen Coke: The Making of Coca-Cola Capitalism by Bartow J. Elmore is about the environmental history of Coca-Cola. Elmore is a historian who grew up in the Atlanta area, where the Coca-Cola Company was formed and has a presence to this day. The book discusses how the Coca-Cola Company came into existence and how it acquired resources to manufacture the best-selling product, Coke. After doing a little bit of background on the three book options offered for review, I chose this bookRead MoreCoca Col The Making Of A Global Empire Essay767 Words   |  4 Pagesbrand Coca-Cola has been around for over 130 years. Coca-Colas inventor, John Pemberton has marketed his creation from the very beginning as a product that can serve others beneficially. Perbertons â€Å"brain tonic† later turned into a global empire of Coca-Cola. Professor Bartow J. Elmore’s book Citizen Coke: the Making of Coca-Cola Capitalism explores in detail about Cokes formula and how it is mad e and how it affects individuals and the planet in which we live. Elmore discuses how Coca-Cola has soldRead More The Gap Between Rich and Poor Essay example1234 Words   |  5 PagesEuropean and American citizens. As third world countries achieved their independence, they found themselves very poor in an international system that continues to keep open the gap and to discriminate against poorer countries. Even when these third world states attempt to rise up and make developments that begin to close the gap, the international system keeps them down and takes advantage of them. For example, a family in a Third World country may start a small cola business charging 20 centsRead MoreCoco Cola18335 Words   |  74 PagesCriticism of Coca-Cola  has arisen from various groups, concerning a variety of issues, including health effects, environmental issues, and business practices.  The Coca-Cola Company, its subsidiaries and products have been subject to sustained criticism by both consumer groups and watchdogs, particularly since the early 2000s. Allegations against the company are varied, including * possible health effects of Coca-Cola products, * a poor  environmental  record, * perception of the companiesRead MoreA History of the World in Sex Glasses Essay4236 Words   |  17 Pagesand mind of whoever drinks it. This effect is what made wine a part of many ceremonies. 1. Unlike beer Greeks and Romans watered down their wine before drinking it. Wine was drunk by everyone, however in Rome the richest citizens drank the finest wines and the poorest citizens drank lesser vintages. Wine was more of a sign of wealth than that of beer. Wine was a bigger part of medicine. It was believed that wine would reduce phlegm and was able to cure colds, but should be avoided when you haveRead MoreA Short Note On International Operations Management And International Business3922 Words   |  16 PagesINTERNATIONAL BUSINESS COHORT SEPTEMBER 2014 Module code: MAN7013 Prepared by: THANH VU NGUYEN Student ID: S13181084 Prepared for: TONY BIRCH Submission date: 3 July 2015 Introduction Coca Cola Company is known as the world’s largest beverage company with its flagship product Coca Cola, which is invented by pharmacist John Stith Pemberton in Columbus, Georgia. According to the 2005 annual report, the company operated in more than 200 countries worldwide and owns more than 500 beverageRead MoreThe Techniques And Implications Of The Works Of Ai Weiwei And Banksy Comparable?2163 Words   |  9 Pagesencouraging citizen-involvement or as expressing disgust for government all together, the photographs are effective in making the viewer question his role via the use of the middle finger symbol. In fact, the photographs are taken so it appears that the viewer is sticking out his own middle finger. This creates feelings of inclusion and agreement with Ai Weiwei’s anti-establishment ideals. Another example of the use of logos as symbols in relation to social issues would be Weiwei’s piece â€Å"Coca-Cola Vase†Read MoreBusiness Ethics6288 Words   |  26 Pagesto beware of the rising military-industrial complex; economic externalities; suppression of an investigative news story about Bovine Growth Hormone on a Fox News Channel affiliate television station; the invention of the soft drink Fanta by the Coca-Cola Company due to the trade embargo on Nazi Germany; the alleged role of IBM in the Nazi holocaust (see IBM and the Holocaust); the Cochabamba protests of 2000 brought on by the privatization of Bolivia s municipal water supply by the Bechtel Corporation;Read MoreGlobal Marketing6701 Words   |  27 PagesCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO GLOBAL MARKETING SUMMARY A company that engages in global marketing focuses resources on global market opportunities and threats. Successful global marketers such as Nestle, Coca-Cola, and Honda use familiar marketing mix elements – the four Ps – to create global marketing programs. Marketing, RD, manufacturing, and other activities comprise a firm’s value chain; firms configure activities to create superior customer value on a global basis. Global companiesRead MoreOutsourcing: A Boon or Bane?4267 Words   |  18 Pages23%. Raise the international tax burden on U.S. multinationals by limiting foreign-tax credits, for example, and you will further reduce their ability to compete abroad. This, in turn, will reduce employment and investment in U.S parent companies. Making it harder for U.S. multinationals to create U.S. jobs would be bad policy at any time. But it would be especially detrimental now because of how dramatically the private sector of the U.S. economy has contracted in the face of this recession. Since

Essay about New Media, Democracy and Participation

Digital communication systems enhance democracy by offering greater access and participation to citizens than traditional media. Discuss. Digital communication systems have largely enhanced democracy, offering greater access and participation to many, but not all, citizens. This essay will discuss both sides of the argument, beginning by examining the notion of new, digital media as compared to old, traditional media, the concepts which make such media â€Å"new†, and how this adds to democracy and greater participation. On the other hand, this essay will also discuss the concept of â€Å"digital divide†; that while for many in often Westernised societies, digital communication is freely available, but in other areas it is not, therefore†¦show more content†¦This user-generated content is a huge contributing factor to digital democracy. The networked nature of online media is another feature said to promote democracy as, in the example of news website comments, each contributor is essentially unknown, thus their opinions are based merely on opinion and not on the individual’s character (Rundle 2005:93). Rundle further asserts that anonymous individuals participating in a global networked space is â€Å"at its most pure and perfect†, an example of democracy and open society (2005:93). In addition, due to this networking, one can communicate with anyone in the world via social networks, email, Skype and more, provided they have an Internet connection, allowing greater communicative access and participation. The interactive nature of digital media systems contributes to enhance democracy and certainly participation amongst users. While traditional media often follows a one to many mode of transmission, new media is often a networked, many to many form of media (Jenkins 2006:259). This means that rather than being restricted to the content of huge media companies that often monopolise an industry, consumers can easily access media created and disseminated by other users. These â€Å"produsers† can upload videos to YouTube, write blogs, submit art and literature on relevant websites, share their music, andShow MoreRelatedDemocracy Is Not An Exception1681 Words   |  7 Pagesbirthplace of modern democracy, is not an exception. As Peter Dahlgren mentions, democracy is for and about its citizens, and therefore a certain degree of civic involvement is a necessary and sufficient condition for its prosperity (2009, 14p) If the lower level of participation in democracy continues, the wo rd democracy, originated from demos (the people) in Greek, should be changed to elite-carcy or pauci-cracy. In order to retain a higher level of participation in democracy, some Habermasian scholarsRead MoreThe s Criteria Of Voting Equality And Effective Participation1400 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica is one of the oldest contemporary democracies, is currently the second largest democracy, and is ranked the 16th best democracy in the world (Campbell et. Al, 2014). Yet there is a legitimate question over whether or not the United States can still truly be considered a democracy, with some studies even suggesting it has begun to resemble an oligarchy (Chumley, 2014). In this essay, I will use Dahl’s criteria of voting equality and effective participation to determine whether or not the UnitedRead MoreDemocracy And The Age Of Information Abundance Essay1734 Words   |  7 PagesDemocracy in the age of information abundance: The impact of new technologies to our democratic political system Introduction Never before, in the history of time, has our ability to collaborate and communicate on a massive scale been so achievable. (Papay Timby, 2014) With the emergence of new technologies, there are more individuals that can have better access to media and information. Experts believe that to some extent it strengthens democracy as there are more numbers of individuals takingRead MoreIndia s Survival Of Democracy871 Words   |  4 Pagesscarcity of resource, the survival of democracy becomes difficult and eventually fails. India is a country with all these problems, however, it still manages to be democratic, making the survival of democracy in India a unique outcome and an area of study. The endurance of democracy in India may be explained through reasons like how it has a constitution that is inclusive, its middle class that takes deep pride in India being democratic and the electronic media that not only informs, but also helpsRead MoreThe European Union Essay1633 Words   |  7 Pagesreferendums making their way to European governments, this question may pop up in people s heads: Do we have enough influence on the decisions the European Union makes? Democracy has been around for thousands of years. However, the meaning of it has been altered as time progressed. Where the Ancient Greeks first used the word democracy to give a name to the city-states political systems, people living in the 20th and 21st century tied a more liberal version to the word, and thus the meaning. Read MoreThe Public Sphere : An Encyclopedia Article Essay1683 Words   |  7 PagesThe concept ‘public sphere’ is used to signify a realm of rational public discourse and debate; a realm that directly corresponds to democracy where all citizens have the agency to participate in discussions about issues of common concern. In The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article Jà ¼rgen Habermas defines the public sphere as an equally accessible realm of social life where public opinion can be formed (Habermas 102). Despite Habermas idealized notion of the public sphere, Professor Smith-FullertonRead More Media and Socie ty Essay624 Words   |  3 PagesMedia and Society Works Cited Not Included Media is all around us. We as a society absorb media from television, radio, magazines, billboards, and newspapers. Media has such a strong effect on our lives that we do not even notice its presence sometimes. Media is the central force in shaping our culture and democracy. Media reflects and sustains the values and traditions of our striving, but necessary democracy. We as a society canRead MoreImportance Of Information Technology ( It ) And The Importance Of Of Public Administration977 Words   |  4 PagesObservation: The importance of information technology (IT) and the importance of e-democracy utilized everyday administration implementation. Furthermore, understanding the external environment found within public administration, which influence and examines the differences between the public and private sectors, and its major topics that these organizations faces with such technology. Understanding its theories of e-democracy and discussing the declining confidence in the regime. Also, how the role ofRead MoreThe Hands Of The People1197 Words   |  5 Pagesthe largest countries in the world. The large size contributes to the unequal distribution of political resources across the nation. These two variables lead to low voter turn out, in turn decrease effectiveness in political participation. But what does political participation mean these days? The basic forms are voting in local, state, and national elections. There are also other ways, like working for a political campaign, writing a Senat or, joining different lobbying organizations that target specificRead MoreRe-Interpreting Internet Activism: A Study of Its Relationship with the Nature of State Introduction1130 Words   |  5 Pages With the increasing number of protests mobilised through social networks, the Internet is coming to be seen either as a force of liberation or as the new generation’s â€Å"cyber-utopia†, creating unfounded optimism and hopes of emancipation. The former view claims that social networks play a key role in shaping debates about protests and in spreading democratic ideas around the globe (especially in the case of Arab Spring).The latter view advocates that the role of internet has been exaggerated in

Political Marketing Political Parties

Question: Discuss about the Political Marketingfor Political Parties. Answer: Introduction Political Marketing (Baines, 2011) has become the integral function of a political process. Heads of states, politicians, political parties, government departments make use of such marketing approaches to attain their political objectives. Market research is applied to get hold of the requirement of the target audience i.e. the voters that they serve or plan to influence and design their policies accordingly. Voter profiling enables the creation of segments and sub- segments to focus while campaigning. Strategy helps the generation of a political brand to grow and build an image which will create a unique brand positioning in the minds of the voters. There are two aspects of the political marketing i.e. External and Internal. While external marketing focuses on the voters, the internal marketing generates the support and involvement of the party workers. Political marketing (Baines, 2011) increases students employability and compatibility for various jobs and opportunities with organizations. It enables students to grow intellectually and understand the way marketing is applied in the political environment. The student also gains an analytical and a wider perspective of the marketing and politics. The features of political marketing (Lilleker, Lees-Marshment, 2009) are similar to the traditional form of marketing. It involves the devising, designing and implementation of programs to attain the goal of increasing the alliance to the party, candidate or a political manifesto within various electoral groups. It is the gross amount of techniques used by political organizations to influence the voters. The market study is similar to that in the commercial field though the characteristics of data vary as it concerns political inclinations of the voters, public impression of the parties and their leaders, voting mindset and peculiar electoral process. Similar to their corporate counterparts the political leaders influence the mindset, feelings, and beliefs of the voters to get their alignment. Source: Aguirre Garcia M.S. :Marketing en sectores especificos Ediciones Piramide, Madrid. 2000, p.237 Even though we might like to believe that the electorate votes basis the political manifesto (O'Shaughnessy, Henneberg, 2002) that each candidate puts forward to the public at the time of elections but on the contrary, our actions of voting for a particular candidate is influenced by the marketing campaigns of the political parties. The various strategies used these days by the parties to form the opinion of the voters include talk shows and presentations, Public Relations, door to door campaigning, mailers, leaflets, billboards and extensive use of radio, print and communication. The first step in starting a political marketing campaign (Budge, Robertson, Hearl, 2008) is developing a narrative which is basically like a resume of the leader explaining his background, family, culture, personality, beliefs and other traits to help the voters understand whom they are voting. If we go back to the US Presidential election of 2008 the two candidates, namely Barrack Obama and John McCain had contrasting narratives. While Obama claimed to be a political outsider who promised a new and fresh approach in bringing a real change in the country whereas on the other hand, McCain banked on his background as a war veteran who had made sacrifices for his country. These narratives were the basis of the further marketing campaigns of both parties. It should be believable (CAMPBELL, 2005) and the voters should be able to relate to the same and is an extremely import aspect to start a political campaign. It is like creating a branding strategy and very similar to a company or a p roduct branding strategy. In this, the leader or the political party (Wattenberg, 2004) becomes a brand. A very familiar example in the current times is that of Indian Prime Minister Narender Modi (Jaffrelot, 2015) who has become a brand in himself for Bhartiya Janata Party. Even during the state elections, his name is being promoted to fight the party elections. In the current environment, the strategies(Smith, 2005) employed these days by political parties is social media marketing i.e. use of Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp to reach the masses. With the popularity and advent of digital marketing, a variety of online tools are used to promote the candidates, increase the awareness of issues, asking for votes and seeing opinion on the manifesto of the parties. One of the techniques used by parties to reach the voter base is by creating a Facebook page which allows them to reach a large number of voters by inviting them for events, status updates, messages and communicating the views of the party leaders. Digital media can also be segmented (Scholvin, 2016) to spread different messages to a different set of voters by geography, caste, color or religion. This technique was employed by Donald Trump in the recent Presidential Elections and was seen as the reason for his success. His marketing team had thoroughly researched the needs of voters by geo graphy, blacks vs. whites, American vs. non-Americans and used messages to address each of these segments. Hillary Clinton on the other hand completely failed to use this strategy and even though the media thought that she would win but she failed miserably at the ground level to reach the masses with segmented messages. Though the Facebook Page allows you access to a large no of voters aligned to the party or a candidate, it does not allow you to expand your reach to others which are effectively done through the use of viral memes and videos of speeches shared through the digital mediums. The political parties create funny videos, jokes, caricatures of their own and opposition leaders to increase awareness of issues and attract the attention of the voters. These were used very effectively by Trump and even by Modi (Jaffrelot, 2015) in their election campaigns. Another important strategy in political marketing (Lees-Marshment, 2015) is negative campaigning. Winning the elections is all about getting more votes against your opponent which is achieved by either taking positive about oneself or negative about your opponent. It is fairly common to see mudslinging being done by parties on either the beliefs or even the character of the leaders contesting the election. The usual negative campaign is Ads of parties or during rallies, the leaders talking about opponents wrong policies, nefarious past and failures. While this may seem unethical to do but on the other hand if the facts are correct it exposes the real picture of the opponents and their parties which the voters may not be otherwise aware. It becomes an important reason for the change in the mindset as the voting draws near and can completely sway the opinion. In the presidential elections, Hillary Clinton spoke of Trumps disrespect for women and his adverse remarks against them in vari ous forums which were quickly picked up by the media and tabloids and became a topic of discussion. Negative campaign is launched through Ads on TV and print mediums, political debates and extensive use of social media. However, the negative campaign cannot succeed in isolation unless it is supported by positive campaigns of the partys beliefs and history. Even though the younger generation responds better to social media and television (Lange, Ward, 2004) but still a large population can be reached through the old marketing strategies of direct mail. The Direct Mail involves extensive use of leaflets and brochures which can be hand-delivered to voters through newspapers inserts or distributed in malls, parks, and other hangout locations or even use of direct mailers. Leaflets are used as a micro marketing tool to reach a certain section of the population within a town or city. The leaflets, signboards, hoarding, cutouts and yard signs are the tools which are used in a particular area to influence the voters. On the other hand, the media platforms like TV, Print, and Radio attract mass voters and are used by political marketers. It is common to see various channels inviting debates from public or calling upon leaders for a face off in open forums to talk about their manifesto and try and impress the voters or viewers. These tools can be used to earn a mass publicity for the leader or the political party. Political marketing helped Donald Trump (Lees-Marshment, Conley, Cosgrove, 2014) win the 2016 elections. He devised an Offer Package of increase employability and public safety to American citizens. This message was effectively created and delivered to all segments of American voters, who were made to realize the necessity of the above two missing in their lives due to the failures of the successive previous governments. The slogan was loud and clear Make America Great Again. So the strategic tool applied here was to create a need and promise to fulfill the same through change. On the other hand his competitors mainly Hillary Clinton could not create such need. He positioned himself as a successful brand and capitalized on his success as a businessman and communicated a direct and consistent appeal to the voters to believe in his ability to reposition America as a successful country. Trump used negative campaigns and showed his competitors in poor light and their inability to create a satisfactory solution for the economic and societal problems of America, and at the same time, he juxtaposed himself as the sole alternative who could bring the much-needed change for the Americans. References Baines, P. (2011).Political marketing(1st ed.). London: SAGE. Budge, I., Robertson, D., Hearl, D. (2008).Ideology, strategy and party change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CAMPBELL, J. (2005). The fundamentals in US presidential elections: Public opinion, the economy and incumbency in the 2004 presidential election.Journal Of Elections, Public Opinion Parties,15(1), 73-83. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13689880500064619 Jaffrelot, C. (2015). The Modi-centric BJP 2014 election campaign: new techniques and old tactics.Contemporary South Asia,23(2), 151-166. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2015.1027662 Lange, B., Ward, D. (2004).The media and elections. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Lees-Marshment, J. (2015).Political marketing game. [Place of publication not identified]: Palgrave Macmillan. Lees-Marshment, J., Conley, B., Cosgrove, K. (2014).Political Marketing in the United States. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Lilleker, D., Lees-Marshment, J. (2009).Political marketing. Manchester: Manchester University Press. O'Shaughnessy, N., Henneberg, S. (2002).The idea of political marketing. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. Scholvin, S. (2016). Geographical conditions and political outcomes.Comparative Strategy,35(4), 274-283. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2016.1222840 Smith, G. (2005). Positioning Political Parties: The 2005 UK General Election.Journal Of Marketing Management,21(9-10), 1135-1149. https://dx.doi.org/10.1362/026725705775194184 Wattenberg, M. (2004). Elections: Personal Popularity in U.S. Presidential Elections.Presidential Studies Quarterly,34(1), 143-155. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-5705.2004.00040.x

Skills for Conducting Surveillance-

Question: Summarize which Observation Skills and Techniques might be most useful when conducting Surveillance. Answer: Introduction: Surveillance is essentially perceptions directed to pick up data. This straightforward definition incorporates a plenty of strategies and techniques that can be viewed as a type of reconnaissance. A significant number of these are unmistakable through basic information delivered by pop culture. The most notable strategies incorporate stationary surveillance, specialized observation (regularly secret video or sound recordings), electronic surveillance (advanced perceptions, keystroke numbering), and some more. Almost anybody can take part in observation once legitimately prepared and taught. People utilizing the different procedures of reconnaissance run from government authorities attempting to spare lives from fear based oppressors and different offenders to private agents gathering proof for common court[1]. Techniques and Skills for Conducting Surveillance: The most common techniques used by the surveyors in conducting surveillance is to follow and keep track of the person on whom the surveillance is made. The agents of the surveyors are required to sit before the house of the suspected individual and keep rack on the movement of the suspect. However, this form of surveillance is outdated and requires huge man power. Moreover, this technique is expensive and time consuming. From the recent trend of surveillance techniques it is found that the agents or the surveyor or investigators depend on technology rather than human agents to keep rack on the suspect or the object of surveillance. There are two other methods or techniques of conducting surveillance which are known as Pre-constructive surveillance and Reconstructive surveillance[2]. Pre-constructive Surveillance: In this method of surveillance the investigator or the surveyor keep track on the subject or the object of investigation through technology. In the recent trend the surveyors and investigators watch through closed circuit television cameras which help the investigators to collect data without wasting time in following the suspect or the object of investigation. Moreover, this method is less time consuming and less expensive than any other method. Offenders can be easily traced through the surveillance and can be used as evidence before the court[3]. Reconstructive Surveillance: In this method of surveillance the investigators start their investigation after the offence or the crime has been done. The investigator in such situation with the help of other tools and techniques collect data. The investigator uses external tools like the forensic tests to identify the suspect[4]. Typical forms of Surveillance: There are various forms of surveillance depending on the nature of investigation. When the investigator is appointed to investigate into a criminal investigation, the investigators or the agencies use techniques such as physical observation or electronic monitoring. Electronic monitoring: This refers to the monitoring the data and information through electronic modes. The investigators keep surveillance over the electronic system of the suspect to get information regarding the commission of offence. The investigator in this mode of surveillance keep track on the emails, internet and telephone of the suspect to keep track on the suspect and record information regarding the suspects movement[5]. Fixed Surveillance: The investigators in this mode of investigation use such technique which will help them to spot the suspect easily. This technique is also known as the two-person approach and it is considered more desirable most of the investigation agencies of the world. In this method the investigators move and shift their position so as not to get spotted by the suspect and the suspect can be easily trapped[6]. Stationary Technical Surveillance: In this method of the investigator uses electronic devices to track the suspect. The investigator uses hidden camera and recording equipment to rack the suspect. The recordings are kept as an evidence to be presented before the court. Three-person Surveillance: In this method of surveillance the investigators are divided into 3 persons and they keep rack on the movement of the suspect from three different direction. The suspect could not detect the investigators and get into the trap of the investigators. Undercover operation: In the method the investigator actively play a role with the suspect and tracks his movement while working with him. The undercover agent does not use his actual identity while working with the suspect. However, other than the criminal cases the investigation is done using the Passive or active forms of surveillance. Passive Surveillance: This surveillance is used for detecting health problems. In this method the health investigator through external means detect the diseases or they enquire into the health related problems. Active Surveillance: In this method the investigators move to different areas and investigate into the health problems of a mass of people in a particular area and track the disease prevalent in that area[7]. Most Commonly Used Surveillance Technique: One procedure that manages the investigator with the best measure of insight with the minimum exertion is the utilization of stationary technical surveillance. Another expression for this might be "unmanned" surveillance. This sort of surveillance must be made from places where the investigator can easily keep eye on the suspect and the suspect will not have any doubt upon him, for example, the road or walkway and don't do anything remarkable that would make a specific observation strategy emerge in court. The idea is more in fact required than putting an examiner into a setting with binoculars and cameras and a scratch pad. The stationary specialized observation includes three parts: an observation stage, a power source, and a camera/recording gadget[8]. The least demanding what's more, slightest debilitating observation stage for the stationary specialized reconnaissance is a vehicle, be that as it may, not a similar vehicle utilized as a part of a general observation circumstance. Rental autos function admirably for the observation stage and, with a rental, there is the capacity to ask for particular vehicles and to change vehicles to address particular issues. It is critical to pick a rental organization that won't recognize the specialist and will permit some of their identifiable rental auto window stickers to peel off and vanish. A mobile phone number ought to dependably be the essential contact number on a rental application, on the off chance that any issues emerge over the span of the stationary specialized reconnaissance. Finally, the additional protection scope for if the vehicle is vandalized or stolen is exceptionally suggested. Therefore, it can be concluded that the secret surveillance is an impressive and highly recommended method of surveillance which helps to keep tract on the suspect or the object of such investigation and record the relevant information that comes up during the information. Bibliography: Borradori, Giovanna, "Between Transparency And Surveillance" (2016) 42Philosophy Social Criticism Edgar, Timothy H,Privacy, Mass Surveillance, And The Struggle To Reform The NSA.(Brookings Institution Press, 2017) Kelly, Kevin, "Why You Should Embrace Surveillance, Not Fight It." [2015]Wired Lowenthal, Mark M,Intelligence Mould, Nick et al, "Video Surveillance And Counterterrorism: The Application Of Suspicious Activity Recognition In Visual Surveillance Systems To Counterterrorism" (2014) 9Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism Plangger, Kirk and Richard T. Watson, "Balancing Customer Privacy, Secrets, And Surveillance: Insights And Management" (2015) 58Business Horizons Richards, Neil M,The Dangers Of Surveillance(Harvard Law Review, 2013) Urban, Hugh B,"Secrets, Secrets, SECRETS! Concealment, Surveillance, And Information-Control In The Church Of Scientology."(Handbook of Scientology, 2017) Giovanna Borradori, "Between Transparency And Surveillance" (2016) 42Philosophy Social Criticism. Timothy H Edgar,Privacy, Mass Surveillance, And The Struggle To Reform The NSA.(Brookings Institution Press, 2017). Kevin Kelly, "Why You Should Embrace Surveillance, Not Fight It." [2015]Wired. Nick Mould et al, "Video Surveillance And Counterterrorism: The Application Of Suspicious Activity Recognition In Visual Surveillance Systems To Counterterrorism" (2014) 9Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism. M Lowenthal,Intelligence. Kirk Plangger and Richard T. Watson, "Balancing Customer Privacy, Secrets, And Surveillance: Insights And Management" (2015) 58Business Horizons. Neil M Richards,The Dangers Of Surveillance(Harvard Law Review, 2013). Hugh B Urban,"Secrets, Secrets, SECRETS! Concealment, Surveillance, And Information-Control In The Church Of Scientology."(Handbook of Scientology, 2017).